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The 

Microbe-Producing-Disease  Theory 

Inconsistent 

With  the  Laws  of  Nature 

How  Diseases  are  Produced 

A  New  Physiological  Law  Promulgated 

Schmitz 


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The 

fflicrobe-Producing-Disease  Theory 

Inconsistent 

With  the  Laws  of  Nature, 

How  Diseases  are  Produced, 
A  New  Physiological  Law  Promulgated 

by 

#*&» 
Prof.  J.  P:  Schmitz,  M.  D. 

Author  of  <l  Human  Physiology,  Analysis  and  Digest,  for  Medical  Students  and 
Practitioners;  "  "  Over  3000  Questions  on  Laws  of  the  Human  Body;  " 
"  Key  to  all  Questions  of  Human  Physiology  for  State  Med- 
ical Examiners,  and  Professors  on  Physiology  in 
Medical  Colleges;"  and  "Cause  of  Diph- 
theria and  the  difference  between 
Diphtheria  and  Croup." 


Published  by  tbe  Author, 

3321  Twenty-first  Street,  San  Francisco,  California, 
1901. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  iu  the  year  1901,  by 

John  P.  Schmitz, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
All  rights  reserved. 


THE 


Microbe  -  Producing  -  Disease    Theory 

INCONSISTENT 

With  the  Laws  of  Nature. 
HOW    DISEASES    ARE    PRODUCED. 

A     NEW     PHYSIOLOGICAL     LAW     PROMULGATED, 

BY 

Pro/.  J.  P.  Schmitz,  M.  D. 


THE  MlCROBE-PRODUCING-DlSEASE  THEORY  PROPERLY  INVOLVES 
ELEVEN  QUESTIONS: 

1.  What  is  a  microbe? 

2.  Are  microbes  in  the  human  body  in  health? 

3.  If  microbes  are  in  the  human  body,  do  they  cause  disease? 

4.  Do  microbes  consume  material  in  the  human  body  which  the 

economy  requires? 

5.  Do  microbes  attack  healthy  tissues,  or  change  normal  healthy 

matter  in  the  human  body  into  injurious  matter? 

6.  Are  microbes  simply  on  account  of  their  presence  injurious  to 

the  human  body? 

7.  Does  abnormal  or  decomposed  matter  contain  the  poison  in- 

jurious to  the  human  body,  without  the  microbes? 

8.  Do  microbes  act  as  foreign  poisonous  matter  in  the  human 

body  and  thereby  cause  disease? 

9.  Can  any  disease  be  cured  by  simply  killing  the  microbes? 

10.  Why  do  microbes  exist? 

11.  How  are  diseases  produced? 

127788 


6  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY. 

I.  In  order  to  avoid  repetition  and  for  the  sake  of  shortness, 
the  word  Microbe  shall  include  all  that  are  at  present  considered 
as  microbial  vital  beings,  such  as  those  that  can  only  be  seen  un- 
der the  microscope,  for  instance,  Schizomycetes,  Schizophyta, 
Microphytes,  Micrococci,  Bacilli,  Spirilli,  Bacteria,  Leptothrix, 
Vibriones,  Staphylococci,  Clostridium,  Beggiatoa,  Spiromonas, 
Spirochaete,  Cladothrix,  and  all  those  that  have  received  no  name 
as  yet,  as  well  as  those  that  are  too  small  to  be  seen  under  the 
most  powerful  microscope.  If  one  of  these  names  actually  in- 
cludes any  other,  or  if  one  is  a  derivation  from  another,  matters 
not;  the  question  1st  is:  What  is  a  microbe  ?  Of  course,  the 
bacteriologist  may  say:  A  microbe  is  a  minute  vital  organism 
which  can  be  seen  only  under  the  microscope.  But,  such  a  definition 
is,  to  say  the  least,  not  very  precise  and  not  a  little  evasive;  for,  one 
having  a  microscope  of  a  power  say  250  can  claim  that  he  sees 
microbes.  Another  who  has  a  microscope  of  a  power  of  1000  can 
see  other  microbes.  Another  still  with  a  power  yet  higher  might 
claim  to  see  more  and  other  microbes.  Where  then  is  the  limit  'to 
our  observation  and  who  can  assign  it?  That  there  are  creatures 
beyond  the  range  or  power  of  any  of  our  optical  contrivances  to 
detect,  is,  I  might  say,  certain;  just  as  certain  as  that  there  are 
stars  in  the  heavens  beyond  the  range  of  our  most  powerful  tel- 
escopes. Shall  we  then  leave  these  creatures  un-named,  or  shall 
we  not  classify  them  all  under  the  one  head  "microbes?  "  The 
latter  course  would  seem  to  be  most  rational  and  at  the  same  time 
most  general  and  comprehensive.  We  shall  therefore  follow  it 
and  consequently  define  microbes  as:  The  minutest  forms  of 
life,  embracing  both  what  is  revealed  to  us  by  the  mi- 
croscope and  what  lies  beyond  the  power  of  our  most 
powerful  optical  instruments  to  detect.  Now,  should  this 
definition  seem  extravagant  or  strange,  for  after  all  are  there  not 
things  which  really  exist  and  yet  will  either  never  be  detected  by 
the  senses  or  cannot? 

The  Ether  of  the  universe,  on  account  of  its  extreme  tenuity  is 
undetectable  by  any  process  at  present  known  to  science.  It  does 
not  enter  into  combination  with  other  substances;  therefore,  its 
quantity,  quality  and  action  always  remain  constant.  Assuming 
the  atomic  theory  to  be  the  correct  one,  ether  forms  the  interstitial 
medium  between  the  atoms  and  molecules  of  all  gases,  fluids,  and 
solids;  entering  the  inter-atomic  and  molecular  spaces  on  the  ex- 
pansion of  these  bodies  and  receding  on  their  contraction. — Here 
then  we  have  a  medium  capable  of  entering  the  inter-atomic  and 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY.  7 

molecular  spaces  of  matter  at  the  center  or  bowels  of  the  earth  as 
easily  as  at  the  surface.  More  than  this,  what  do<  we  know  about 
ether,  and  yet  that  it  exists  is  beyond  the  shadow  of  a  doubt. 

Now,  in  regard  to  the  Atom.  Who  has  seen  it,  who  has 
handled  it,  yet,  modern  science  declares  its  existence  with  the 
utmost  certainty.  Maxwell  tells  us  that  "a  mass  weight  of  one 
gramme  of  hydrogen  atoms  numbered  about  216,000  million  mil- 
lions; their  mean  velocity  about  6,100  feet  per  second;  their  col- 
lisions about  17,750  million  per  second;  and  the  average  path 
without  collision,  about  38  ten-millionths  of  an  inch.  To  count 
the  number  of  atoms  in  a  pin's  head,  at  the  rate  of  ten  million  in 
a  second,  would  require  250,000  years."  Now  whether  what  he 
asserts  be  true  or  not,  matters  little.  I  quote  his  words  simply  to 
show  that  much  in  modern  science  is  admitted,  the  objectivity  of 
which  is  by  no  means  certain.  Of  course  I  do  not  pretend  to  say 
with  that  certainty  with  which  one  admits,  for  instance,  the  exist- 
ence of  the  ether,  that  there  are  forms  of  life  beyond  the  power  of 
our  most  powerful  microscopes  to  perceive;  yet  I  do  claim  with  at 
least  as  much  certainty  as  Atomists  admit  atoms,  that  there  are 
such  forms  of  life. 

I  stated  on  page  23  of  my  Text-Book  on  Physiology,  Analysis 
and  Digest,  for  Students  and  Practitioners:  "An  Organism  con- 
sists of  a  combination  of  organs,  and  has  specific  functions.  In 
structure  it  is  capable  of  performing  actions  and  producing  effects 
not  only  by  itself  and  within  itself,  but  also  on  matter  external  to 
and  outside  of  itself.  An  Organ  is  a  part  of  an  organism,  and  its 
action  is  its  function." 

Accordingly,  to  be  an  organism,  a  thing  has  to  have  organs. 
A  thing  that  has  not  two  or  more  organs,  can  surely  be  no  organ- 
ism. Also,  to  be  an  organ,  a  thing  must  be  a  part  of  an  organism. 
Everything  derived  from  a  thing  that  once  had  organs,  we  call  or- 
ganic, for  instance,  cloth  (from  wool  of  sheep),  or  a  piece  of  wood 
(the  wood  was  once  a  part  of  a  living  tree),  etc.  In  the  animal 
and  vegetable  organism,  a  cell  is  an  organ,  because  it  performs 
natural  functions  in,  and  is  a  part  of  the  organism.  Now  the 
question  arises:  Is  the  vital  living  microbe  an  organism?  We 
answer  yes  without  any  hesitation;  for,  it  is  impossible  in  the  pres- 
ent order  of  things  for  any  material  form  of  life  to  exist,  1st,  with- 
out assimilation  of  extraneous  matter  to  its  own  being,  and  2d, 
without  the  ejection  of  matter  not  necessary  to  its  well  being,  in 
order  to  keep  it  within  the  corporal  limits  determined  by  its  na- 
ture, both  of  which  powers  require  organs. 


8  MICROBE-PRODUCING  -DISEASE    THEORY. 

II.    Are  microbes  in  the  human  body  in  health  ?    In 

answering  this  question  I  have  to  refer  again  to  my  physiology, 
page  23:  "Organic  bodies  differ  from  inorganic  by  the  introduc- 
tion, assimilation,  combination,  and  reconstruction  of  new  or  fresh 
matter.  Certain  inorganic  substances  aggregate  to  themselves 
fresh  material,  enlarging  in  size  and  quantity,  thus  showing  a 
quasi-assimilation;  but  they  do  so  only  by  the  addition  of  particles 
of  matter  to  their  exterior.  The  organic  living  structure  grows  by 
the  addition  of  new  matter  not  only  to  its  surface,  but  throughout 
its  entire  mass;  (now  comes  the  point)  and  at  the  same  time  it  con- 
tinually changes,  decay  and  repair  going  hand  in  hand." 
Here  we  notice  that  the  natural  law  of  organisms  is  "  decay  and 
repair  going  hand  in  hand."  Consequently,  decay  is  natural  in 
the  organism,  and  where  there  is  organic  decay,  there  must  be 
microbes,  and  this  we  shall  better  understand  further  on.  For  the 
present  we  must  be  content  with  the  answer:  Microbes  are  in  the 
most  healthy  organic  body. 

III.  If  microbes  are  in  the  human  body,  do  they 
cause  disease  ?  Of  course,  the  microbe-maniac  can  see  no  other 
cause  for  disease  than  Microbes;  just  as  the  Vermiform-appendix- 
maniac  can  see  no  function  for  the  appendix,  and  nothing  else  in 
an  abdominal  pain  but  appendicitis.  The  microbe-producing- 
disease  theorists  claim  so  much  for  the  "effect"  of  the  microbes, 
and  yet  no  one  has  shown  the  "why"  and  the  "reason"  for  the 
"cause."  In  each  and  every  disease  in  which  it  is  claimed  that 
microbes  are  found  and  that  the  disease  was  caused  by  them,  it  can 
be  proved,  on  physiological  grounds,  that  the  microbes  did  not  pro- 
duce it.  Although  this  is  not  the  place  to  fully  treat  the  question, 
yet  sufficient  reasons  will  be  adduced  to  show  that  microbes  are  not 
the  "cause,"  and  in  fact  wherever  animal  or  vegetable  matter  exists 
dead  or  alive,  there  must  be  microbes.  This  is  a  law  of  nature  as 
well  as  any  other,  and  yet  this  law  has  never  so  far  as  I  know  been 
recognized  or  even  surmised.  I  intend  then  to  prove  that  such  a 
law  exists  in  nature. 

Infectious  diseases  are  more  numerous  than  other  diseases, 
and,  if  microbes  cause  the  disease,  by  what  or  how  do  they  injure 
the  body?  How  or  by  what  do  they  produce  the  anatomical 
changes?  Why  do  some  patients  die  and  others  not?  Why  are 
some  persons  immune  against  certain  diseases  and  others  not? 
At  any  rate,  in  what  does  the  immunity  consist?  These  ques- 
tions have  not  been  explained  or  answered,  yet  the  bacteriolo- 
gist claims  that  microbes  produce  diseases. 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY.  9 

If  microbes  were  the  cause  of  disease,  how  is  it  that  catarrh, 
measles,  scarlatina,  variola,  typhoid  fever,  and  many  other 
diseases,  each  has  its  particular  course  and  termination?  Does 
this  not  show  that  the  microbes  have  nothing  to  do  with  it? 

In  analyzing  the  microbe  theory,  we  find  that  microbes  have 
no  function  or  power  to  produce  any  disease  whatever  in  a  healthy 
organism.  Soon  after  the  death  of  a  tissue  or  a  body,  the  microbes 
commence  the  separation  and  isolation  of  the  anatomical  and 
chemical  elements,  thereby  fitting  these  elements  again  for  living 
organisms.  That  is  their  duty  and  function.  The  microbe  is  not 
a  disease  producer.  It  takes  hold  of  that  matter  only  which  is  de- 
cayed or  dead,  and  transforms  that  matter  into  its  primitive  ele- 
ments, whereby,  it  becomes  useful  again  for  assimilation  and 
growth  of  new  animal  and  vegetable  vital  tissues,  as  will  be  seen 
in  part  10. 

IV.  Do  microbes  consume  materials  in  the  human 
body  which  the  economy  requires  ?    No  one  can  show  or 
prove  that  microbes  use  or  live  on  healthy  vital  tissue,  and  neither 
can  any  one  show  or  prove  that  the  microbes  produce  the  poison  or 
decomposed  matter  that  causes  disease. 

The  laws  of  nature  allow  absolutely  nothing  useless  in  nature; 
the  difficulty  lies  only  in  our  comprehension  of  the  facts  concerning 
these  laws.  All  sciences,  if  they  be  true,  must  be  founded  on  the 
laws  of  nature,  and  any  science  not  founded  on  them,  is  fallacious 
and  must  eventually  fall.  In  what  follows  I  intend  to  prove  that 
a  law  exists  whereby  the  organized  animal  and  plant  depends  on 
microbes,  and  that  microbes  depend  not  on  the  vital  tissues  of 
animal  or  plant,  but  on  decomposed  or  dead  matter;  in  a  word,  I 
intend  to  show  that  microbes  do  not  consume  the  materials  in  the 
human  body  which  the  economy  requires. 

Now,  if  we  show  that  a  natural  law  exists  whereby  the  mi- 
crobes must  be  present  wherever  organic  decomposed  matter  exists, 
then  it  will  become  clear  that  the  presence  of  microbes  cannot  me- 
chanically or  otherwise  injure  the  body,  because  that  would  work 
against  their  law.  Such  contradiction  exists  nowhere  in  all  the 
laws  of  nature. 

V.  Do  microbes  attack  healthy  tissues,  or  change 
normal   healthy  matter   in   the   human   body  into  in- 
jurious matter  ?     Bacteriologists   have  discovered  microbes  in 
almost  every  disease  known,  and  yet,  the  microbes  found  disap- 
pear as  soon  as  the  vital  forces  of  life   are  re-established.     This 
alone  ought  to  be  a  sufficient  proof  to  every  man  of  common  sense, 


10  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY. 

that  microbes  do  not  attack  healthy  tissues,  or  change  normal 
healthy  matter  in  the  human  body;  consequently,  microbes  can- 
not produce  disease. 

VI.  Are  microbes  simply  on  account  of  their  pres- 
ence injurious  to  the  human   body?    Since  the  law  for 
microbes    and    their    functions    is  that   they   should   be   present 
wherever  there  is  decomposed  organic  matter,  as  we  have  seen  in 
question  IV,  therefore,  it  is  the  decomposed  matter  in  the  body 
that  lies  at  the  seat  of  the  trouble;  that  is,  the  abnormal  amount 
and  quality  of  such  matter.     If  that  matter  was  not  present,  then 
there    would  be   no  microbes   present;    consequently,  the  simple 
presence  of  the  microbes  is  not  injurious  to  the  human  body. 

VII.  Does  abnormal  or  decomposed  matter  contain 
the  poison  injurious  to  the  human  body,  without  the 
microbes?     Certain  microbe  advocates  claimed  in  a  certain  case 
that  the  persons  attacked  with  cholera  had  been  using  water  from 
a  tank  where  the  soiled  linen  of  two  cholera  patients  had  been 
washed.     Who  can  prove  that   the  microbes  caused  the  disease? 
We  claim  they  did  not.     It  was  the  dirty,  poisonous  water  that 
caused  it.     WThen  the  water  was  in  such  a  decomposed  state  that 
microbes  (other  than  normally  present)  wrere  in  it,  such  decom- 
posed water  had  sufficient  effect  on  the  delicate  mucous  membrane 
of  the  intestines  that  abnormal  microbes  could  live  there  too,  be- 
cause decomposed  matter  is  their  normal  proper  soil. 

All  infectious  diseases  depend  upon  the  quantity  and  quality 
of  the  virus,  or  auto-toxine,  not  on  microbes.  Microbes  cannot 
grow  without  a  suitable  soil;  consequently,  the  suitable  soil  is  the 
first  requisite.  Impoverishment  or  an  abnormal  change  of  the 
blood,  lymph,  or  of  any  decomposed  tissue  furnish  the  suitable 
soil,  and  if  the  suitable  soil  is  injected  into  a  healthy  individual  it 
causes  disease;  and  if  that  suitable  soil  is  derived  from  a  specific 
disease,  it  causes  that  disease. 

In  all  febrile  diseases  the  blood  swarms  with  microbes,  and  yet, 
the  sensible  physician  pays  no  attention  to  the  microbes,  but  he 
cures  the  disease.  In  " cholera"  they  find  the  " coma  bacillus," 
not  in  the  blood,  but  in  the  intestines.  Here  the  bacilla  are  the 
"result  "  of  the  decomposed  membrane,  which  is  their  suitable  soil. 
Statistics  show  that  cholera  appears  in  Europe  at  periods  of  from 
fifteen  to  eighteen  years,  and  it  is  claimed  that  the  disease  is  intro- 
duced by  tradesmen  and  travelers  coming  from  the  river  Eu- 
phratres  in  Asia.  The  cholera  exists  in  the  Euphratres  valley 
every  year.  Now,  why  do  those  travelers  and  tradesmen  not  bring 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY.  11 

the  cholera  every  year  to  Europe?  The  answer  must  be:  Because 
the  suitable  soil  does  not  exist  in  Europe  until  ever}7  fifteen  or 
eighteen  years. 

Filth  is  the  great  breeder  of  disease.  Prevent  or  remove  the 
filth  in  and  outside  of  the  body,  and  then  we  need  not  fear  the 
microbes.  When  organic  matter  is  once  present  in  the  body  in  an 
abnormal  increased  quantity  and  in  such  a  state  that  differ- 
ent kinds  of  microbes  live  in  it,  that  matter  is  for  the  body  a 
poison  and  is  able  to  affect  other  matter  in  such  a  way  that  the 
same  kind  of  microbes  can  live  and  multiply  in  it.  If  we  remove 
or  counteract  that  poisonous  matter,  we  cure  the  disease  that  was 
caused  by  it.  For  illustration,  if  we  inject,  apply,  or  administer  a 
sufficient  strength  of  a  certain  remedy,  such  as  strychnine,  arsenic, 
carbolic  acid,  or  one  of  many  other  medicines  (surely  without  mi- 
crobes), we  produce  an  inflammation  and  change  of  tissues,  in 
which  afterwards  microbes  are  found.  If  we  add  certain  other 
medicine  to  the  injection,  application,  or  administered  poisonous 
medicine  so  as  to  counteract  the  effects,  no  poisoning  takes  place, 
and  no  change  of  tissues,  and  no  microbes  will  be  found.  As  all 
antiseptics  in  medicinal  doses  (if  too  strong,  they  do  more  harm 
than  good)  are  more  or  less  stimulant  to  cells  for  healthy  action, 
they  must  have  counteracted  the  poisonous  effect  of  the  decayed 
matter.  Microbes  nicely  washed  and  cleaned,  and  then  injected, 
applied,  or  administered  to  a  healthy  person  without  the  poison- 
ous matter,  would  do  no  harm,  except  as  a  foreign  substance  pos- 
sibly in  certain  localities,  and  then  only  like  any  other  foreign 
substance  would.  Here  again  arises  the  question,  who  is  able  to 
"nicely  wash  and  clean  microbes  from  decayed  matter?"  The 
answer  must  be,  that  it  is  an  impossibility,  if  it  is  true  that  mi- 
crobes exist  in  size  of  the  500,000th  part  of  an  inch,  as  is  asserted. 
The  size  then  explains  to  us,  too,  that  we  can  find  microbes  in  ab- 
scesses situated  in  very  solid  tissue  of  the  body,  wherever  situated. 
In  fact,  that  the  microbe  is  enabled  to  penetrate  all  fluids  and  tis- 
sues (like  ether)  between  atoms  and  molecules,  if  decayed  organic 
matter  is  imbedded  in  such  solid  tissue.  It  is  the  natural  lawful 
function  and  duty  of  the  microbes  to  be  present  in  decayed  organic 
matter  wherever  situated. 

Now,  the  "'culture  soil"  in  which  the  microbes  are  cultivated, 
or  propagated,  may  be  illustrated  as  follows:  Every  house-wife 
knows  that  mutton  broth  or  bouillon  changes  or  decomposes  ac- 
cording to  the  temperature  and  other  conditions  within  a  day  or 
t\v<>.  If  such  were  injected  into  a  delicate  person  it  would  certainly 


12  MICROBE- PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY. 

be  enough  to  make  him  sick.  The  bacteriologist  prepares  his  "cul- 
ture soil"  with  mutton-broth  or  bouillon,  or  similarly  decomposa- 
ble substances,  by  adding  already  decomposed  blood  or  tissue  of  a 
specific  disease.  Suppose  he  produces  the  same  disease  in  the  per- 
son or  animal  injected,  does  that  prove  that  the  microbes  in  the 
decomposed  "  culture"  produced  the  disease?  By  no  means.  The 
poison  of  the  culture  done  it.  In  case  he  neutralizes  that  poison, 
he  can  no  longer  produce  the  disease.  In  every  instance  decay  or 
death  of  tissue  must  precede  the  microbe. 

As  soon  as  investigators  turn  their  attention  to  discover  the 
proper  antidote  for  each  poisonous  matter  developed  in  the  body, 
or  for  that  which  is  liable  to  enter  the  body,  they  will  surely  pre- 
vent or  cure  diseases,  be  they  infectious  or  not.  If  we  treat  our 
patients  according  to  the  natural  laws  of  life  (physiological  laws), 
if  we  understand  them,  and  if  we  do  not  understand  them,  we  had 
better  learn  them,  then  we  need  not  bother  our  heads  about  mi- 
crobes. We  will  then  succeed  in  curing  our  patients,  and,  if  we 
cannot  succeed,  we  need  not  have  any  conscientious  scruples  that  a 
microbe-killer  might  or  would  have  succeeded.  The  microbe-ma- 
niac hunts  for  a  remedy  to  kill  the  microbes  of  disease;  he  tries  to 
disregard  the  natural  laws  of  life.  He  is  like  the  maniac  material- 
ist who  tries  to  disregard  God,  the  Creator  of  all  the  laws  of  nature. 

VIII.  Do  microbes  act  as  foreign  poisonous  mat- 
ter in  the  human  body,  and  thereby  cause  disease? 
The  answer  must  be  that  they  do  not,  as  we  have  already  seen  in 
the  foregoing,  because  they  are  only  found  in  decayed  matter. 
Every  specific  disease  is  due  to  a  distinct  morbid  substance.  As  in 
all  organized  bodies  "decay  and  repair  go  hand  in  hand,"  the  mi- 
crobes must  be  present  wherever  there  is  organic  decay;  conse- 
quently, some  are  in  the  healthiest  human  body.  In  disease  the 
kinds  of  microbes  present  depend  on  the  kind  of  tissues  involved. 
It  would  surely  be  an  inconsistency  in  the  natural  law,  explained 
in  the  following,  if  they  acted  as  foreign  poisonous  matter.  We 
know  that  no  inconsistency  in  any  laws  of  nature  is  possible;  there- 
fore, if  the  microbes  produced  disease,  they  would  soon  cease  to 
exist. 

Decay  is  natural  in  the  organism,  and  when  there  is  too  much 
of  it  present  in  the  body,  there  are  an  increased  number  and  kind 
of  microbes  present,  which  kind,  depends  much  on  the  kind  of  tis- 
sues involved.  Microbes  follow  as  a  "result,"  but  are  not  the 
"cause  "  of  disease.  It  is  an  error  to  suppose  that  microbes  are 
our  enemies.  On  the  contrary,  they  are  for  us.  Without  the  mi- 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY.  13 

crobes  animal  and  vegetable  life  would  become  extinct  on  the  face 
of  the  earth.  They  render  animal  and  vegetable  life  possible. 
They  are  the  indispensable  intermediaries  in  the  circulation  of 
matter.  It  is  surely  a  waste  of  scientific  brain-energy  to  try  to  de- 
stroy the  microbes  in  their  natural  elements  of  diseased  or  morti- 
fied tissues. 

IX.  Can  any  disease  be  cured  by  killing  the  mi- 
crobes simply?  We  have  already  found  that  the  microbes  are 
not  the  "cause"  of  disease;  consequently,  by  killing  the  microbes 
simply,  we  can  never  cure  a  disease.  It  is  not  true  that  microbes 
(bacilli)  produce  Small-pox,  Diphtheria,  Typhoid  fever,  or  any 
other  fever,  or  that  Consumption  is  caused  by  the  tubercle  bacillus, 
or  that  Mosquitos  carry  only  the  germs  from  the  sick  to  other  per- 
sons and  thereby  inoculate  them,  or  that  comma  bacilli  produce 
Cholera. 

In  analyzing  the  thirty  years  war  going  on  in  regard  to  the 
production  of  disease  by  microbes,  we  find  that  it  is  like  the 
u Kaiser's  Bart"  (Emperor's  beard).  It  is  said  that  at  the  time 
the  Germans  were  thinking  of  the  advent  of  their  first  Kaiser 
(Emperor),  they  got  into  a  terrible  fight  among  themselves.  Some 
claimed  that  the  Kaiser  must  have  a  red  beard;  others  that  he 
must  have  a  black  one,  others  a  gray,  and  so  on.  After  the  fight- 
ing was  over,  and  they  had  their  Kaiser,  it  was  found  he  had  no 
beard  at  all. 

The  finding  and  proof  of  the  existence  of  bacilli  has  not  in 
the  least  advanced  our  knowledge  of  the  disease  or  given  us  any 
advantage  in  regard  to  diagnosis,  prognosis,  or  treatment.  The 
bacteriologist  can  never  succeed  in  explaining  the  cause  of  any  dis- 
ease, because  the  microbe  theory  is  against  the  law  of  nature.  The 
scientifically  educated  and  common-sense  physician  adheres  to  cel- 
lular pathology.  He  is,  therefore,  always  right  anatomically,  phys- 
iologically, and  chemically.  The  ancient  physicians  were  ignorant 
of  anatomy  and  physiology,  and  for  that  reason  committed  many 
blunders.  The  ignoramus  of  to-day  goes  on  in  the  ancient  ideas, 
and  introduces  untruths  into  the  medical  college,  in  place  of  anat- 
omy and  physiology.  Doctors,  ignorant  of  anatomy  and.  physiol- 
ogy, fill  our  graveyards  with  premature  deaths  and  do  not  know  it. 
The  old  time  theory  held  that  diseases  were  of  the  blood,  and  the 
lancet  was  used.  The  treatment  of  the  microbe  theory  is  worse 
than  the  lancet  was,  as  the  latter  weakened  only  by  removing  a 
part  of  the  nutritious  blood  of  the  body;  but  the  microbe-killing 
remedy  introduces  ten  devils  into  the  body  where  before  there  was 


14  MICROBE-PRODUCIXG-DISEASE    THEORY. 

only  one.  Of  course  it  can  be  only  those  who  administer  microbe- 
killing  remedies  who  are  unable  to  make  the  proper  diagnosis. 
Such  resort  to  the  microscope,  and  there  they  gel  stuck  again,  be- 
cause in  every  disease  there  is  more  than  one  kind  of  microbe. 

The  microbe  theory  cannot  stand,  because  it  is  repeatedly 
proven  by  experience  that  patients  with  unquestionable  bacillary 
development  in  their  bodies  have  and  do  recover  from  all  symptoms 
of  the  bacillary  disease  and  become  healthy  without  a  microbe- 
killing  remedy.  The  active  practitioner  has  been  very  slightly 
affected  by  the  microbe  theory,  and  their  authors.  It  is  indeed  too 
bad  that  young  practitioners  allow  themselves  to  be  influenced  by 
the  teachings  of  men  who  dream  day  and  night  of  microbes.  A 
practitioner  of  good  practical  common  sense  knows  that  a  remedy 
administered  with  the  intention  of  killing  the  microbes  cannot  suc- 
ceed. The  ignoramus  kills  his  patient  and  he  does  not  even  know 
it.  He  attributes  it  all  to  the  cause  and  action  of  the  microbes. 

The  following  remedies,  it  is  claimed,  will  kill  microbes: 
Nitric  acid,  hydrochloric  acid,  sulphuric  acid,  boracic  acid,  iodine, 
bromine,  chlorine,  copper  sulphate,  zinc  sulphate,  corrosive  subli- 
mate, benzoic  acid,  thymol,  eucalyptol,  many  of  the  aromatic  oils, 
alcohol,  and  many  others.  Now,  of  what  use  and  benefit  is  it  to 
the  physician  to  know  of  all  these  so-called  remedies  when  not  a 
single  one  of  them  can  be  used  strong  enough  in  the  human  body 
to  kill  the  microbes?  In  almost  every  instance  there  are  two,  three 
or  more  different  kinds  of  microbes  present  in  one  disease,  and 
each  kind  would  require  a  different  remedy  to  exterminate  it. 

In  what  way  has  the  knowledge  of  bacteriology  helped  the 
physician  for  more  than  thirty  years  in  regard  to  infectious  dis- 
eases? Has  it  or  can  it  help  in  diagnosis?  Positively  no;  because 
there  is  generally  more  than  one  kind  of  microbe  present.  The 
physician  who  is  not  able  to  make  a  diagnosis  on  anatomical  and 
physiological  grounds,  and  has  to  hunt  for  microbes,  is  not  fit  to 
practice  medicine  for  the  want  of  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  laws 
of  life.  Again,  according  to  the  state  of  the  disease  and  decayed 
matter  present,  the  kind  of  microbes  differ.  It  has  often  been 
shown  that  one  kind  of  microbe  exists,  and,  as  the  decomposition 
of  the  different  tissues  advances,  other  kinds  of  microbes  make 
their  appearance,  the  first  kind  either  remaining  or  disappearing. 

The  bacteriologist  tries  to  build  up  a  bacteria  pathology;  but 
in  this  he  can  never  succeed,  as  it  is  against  a  law  of  nature.  This 
law  is,  that  all  decayed  organic  matter  is  the  natural  soil  of  bac- 
teria, as  we  have  already  said.  Again,  the  bacteriologist  tries  to  do 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY.  15 

away  with  cell  pathology.  In  this  he  can  never  succeed  either,  be- 
cause cellular  pathology  is  within  and  built  on  the  laws  of  nature, 
and  must  forever  remain  at  the  foundation  of  medical  treatment. 
The  cells  are  the  performers  of  the  work  in  the  organic  body,  arid 
no  one  can  show  that  bacilli  attack  healthy  cells.  We  have  already 
proved  that  microbes  do  not  and  cannot  attack  healthy  vital  tis- 
sues, because  that  would  be  against  their  nature,  which  is  to  thrive 
and  live  on  decayed  organic  matter. 

Any  one  who  has  tried  to  kill  the  microbes  in  decayed  organic 
matter  must  have  found  how  difficult  it  is  even  with  the  most 
thorough  and  approved  methods.  He  knows  that  they  are  dis- 
persed throughout  the  body;  consequently,  any  one  endowed  with 
common  sense  must  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that,  to  build  up 
a  bacteria  pathology,  is  and  remains  forever  an  impossibility. 

It  is  difficult  to  understand  how  a  physician  can  use  a  remedy 
through  the  mouth,  or  by  inhalation,  in  order  to  pass  it  into  a  cav- 
ity of  the  lungs,  or  that  the  remedy  should  hunt  throughout  the 
vascular  system,  or  among  the  membranes,  so  as  to  take  up  the 
battle  with  the  microbes  and  succeed  in  killing  them.  It  seems 
impossible  that  sensible  men  could  have  such  ideas.  Antiseptics 
administered  internally  strong  enough  to  kill  microbes  injure  the 
cells  and  tissues  more  than  they  do  the  microbes;  therefore  such 
treatment  can  never  succeed.  The  success  of  Lister's  treatment  in 
surgery  is  not  due  to  ths  antiseptic  as  a  microbe-killer,  but  simply 
to  the  antiseptic  as  a  stimulant  to  the  cells  and  to  cleanliness. 

No  one  can  have  any  objection  if  a  bacteriologist  has  a  fancy 
or  liking  to  study  histology  and  investigate  tissues  with  the  micros- 
cope, as  long  as  he  keeps  quiet  in  regard  to  organic  activity  and 
vital  functions.  The  mixing  up  of  physiology  with  histology  will 
never  do,  because  to  study  the  organic  activities  and  vital  functions 
with  the  microscope  is  as  foolish  an  act  as  it  would  be  to  study  the 
laws  of  the  land  with  a  microscope.  It  is  remarkable  that  even  the 
advocates  for  State  medical  examinations  are  at  times  affected 
with  the  microbe  mania.  State  medical  examinations  are  all  right^ 
but  that  in  some  States  the  law  includes  examination  on  bacteriol 
ogy  in  regard  to  microbe-producing-disease  is,  to  say  the  least,  non- 
sense; because,  in  the  first  place,  the  examiner  himself  does  not 
know  what  a  microbe  is,  what  its  functions  are,  and  for  what  reason 
it  exists;  second,  it  does  not  advance  medical  science  a  particle. 

The  germ  theory  can  never  prove  that  original  contagious  dis- 
eases, such  as  Alopecia,  Aphtha,  Chancre,  Cholera,  Conjunctivitis, 
Diphtheria,  Erysipelas,  Eruptive  Fevers,  such  as  Measles,  Scarlatina, 


16  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY. 

Smallpox,  etc.,  or  the  Puerperal  Fever,  Typhoid,  Typhus,  Yellow, 
or  any  other  fever,  or  Gangrene,  Gonorrhoea,  Hydrophobia,  Influ- 
enza, Lepra,  Lupus,  Meningitis,  Mumps,  Ozsena,  Phthisis,  Plague, 
Pyaemia,  Septica3mia,  Syphilis,  Tetanus,  Whooping-Cough,  or  any 
other  disease,  are  caused  by  microbes. 

X.  Why  do  microbes  exist?  We  have  already  said 
that  it  is  natural  in  vital  organisms  that  "  decay  and  repair  go 
hand  in  hand,"  and,  for  a  better  understanding  of  this,  I  will 
quote  a  little  more  from  my  Analysis  and  Digest.  On  page  248  it 
is  stated:  "The  changes  in  the  vital  economy  (animal  and  vege- 
table) termed  metabolism — going  on  under  the  influence  of  the  activ- 
ity of  the  vital  principle  (soul),  guiding  the  chemical  combinations 
within  the  vital  animal  and  vegetable  economy — are  properly 
divided  into  two  kinds:  One,  termed  anabolism,  implies  an  upward 
series  of  chemical  (elementary)  combinations,  by  which  the  latent 
energies  of  inert  food  are  transformed  into  the  living  energy  of  the 
protoplasm  of  the  bodily  tissues.  The  other  is  termed  katabolism, 
and  involves  a  downward  series  of  changes  in  the  vital  economy 
by  which  the  living  tissues  are  partly  broken  up  and  the  waste 
matter  is  set  free."  Here  we  notice  again  that  in  the  most  perfect 
healthy  organism  (animal  and  vegetable)  "waste  matter  is  set 
free."  This  waste  matter  is  organic,  because  it  is  derived  from  an 
organism.  If  all  the  waste  and  decayed  matter  from  animal  and 
vegetable  sources  existed  since  the  Creation,  I  am  sure  that  all  of 
us  would  feel  like  emigrating  from  this  planet.  As  the  Creator 
wished  it  otherwise,  He  therefore  created  the  microbes  in  order  that 
all  waste  matter  might  be  of  use  again  for  animal  and  vegetable 
organisms.  The  co-operation  of  the  microbes  is  indispensable  for 
the  continuance  of  animal  and  vegetable  life.  Matter  that  once 
formed  a  part  of  a  vital  organism,  but  is  now  dead,  is  by  the  mi- 
crobes reduced  to  its  elementary  state,  thereby  fitting  such  elements 
again  to  be  used  by  vital  living  organisms.  This  proves  that  the 
vital  animal  and  vegetable  organism  depend  on  the  microbes  for 
the  principal  natural  nutritious  elements.  On  the  other  hand,  it 
also  proves  that  the  microbes  depend  for  their  natural  existence 
and  functions  on  decayed  animal  and  vegetable  organic  matter. 

The  chemist  may  say:  The  breaking  up  of  decayed  animal 
.and  vegetable  matter  and  the  isolation  of  their  elements  belongs  to 
chemism.  We  intend  to  prove  that  a  natural  law  must  exist  in  re- 
gard to  decayed  organic  matter  and  microbic  functions,  as  stated 
above,  and  that  the  isolation  of  decayed  organic  matter  is  not 
chemical  action.  From  a  likeness  of  effect  we  argue  a  likeness  of 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY.  17 

cause.  Now,  modern  chemistry  does  not  recognize  a  vital  cause  or 
a  vital  effect.  It  has  never  shown  us  the  atom,  the  ether,  the  vital 
part  of  the  animal  and  its  functions,  the  vital  part  of  the  vegetable 
and  its  functions,  the  vital  part  of  the  microbe  and  its  functions. 
It  is  a  physiological  (natural)  law  that  the  vital  animal  body  is 
considerably  dependent  upon  the  vital  vegetable  for  the  element 
oxygen  given  off  by  bark  and  leaves.  It  is  also  a  physiological 
law  that  the  vital  vegetable  structure  is  principally  dependent  on 
the  vital  animal  for  the  element  carbon  given  off  by  the  lungs  and 
skin. 

Here,  then,  it  is  not  out  of  place  to  lay  down  and  pro- 
claim that  a  physiological  (natural)  law  must  exist  in  regard  to 
the  isolation  of  decayed  organic  matter  by  microbes,  and,  accord- 
ing to  that  law:  The  vital  animal  and  vegetable  body 
depends  on  the  vital  microbes  to  furnish  the  natural 
elements  for  nutrition  from  matter  that  once  was 
vital.  This  non-living  chemical  action  could  never  accomplish. 
On  the  other  hand:  The  microbes  depend  on  animal  and 
vegetable  decay;  and,  as  soon  as  the  animal  and  vegetable  life 
is  exhausted,  there  can  be  no  more  death.  When  there  is  no  more 
animal  and  vegetable  death,  the  microbes  must  disappear  also; 
and,  until  that  time,  the  microbes  must  continue  to  exist.  In  other 
words,  at  the  end  of  the  world  only  will  all  organic  natural  life 
disappear,  and  then,  too,  vital  microbic  life  as  a  consequence. 

Here,  again,  I  must  quote  a  sentence  from  my  physiology, 
page  23:  "The  Organic  World  includes  both  animal  and  vegetable 
life,  with  their  component  and  physical  properties,  chemical  ele- 
mentary composition,  and  vital  phenomena.  Animal  as  well  as 
vegetable  life  depends  upon  the  action  of  its  individual  organs — 
distinct,  but  mutually  combined  and  dependent."  Hence,  we  see 
that  the  organic  world  is  endued  with  life,  and  that  all  organic  life 
depends  upon  the  action  of  its  individual  organs.  Now,  the  mi- 
crobe has  life,  but  what  the  action  of  its  organs  is  we  do  not  under- 
stand. Nevertheless,  we  know  fhat  the  part  the  microbe  plays  in 
the  economy  of  nature  is  to  separate  and  isolate  non-living  organic 
matter,  fitting  it  for  assimilation  to  other  organic  beings.  I  know 
this  strikes  at  the  foundation  of  organic  chemistry,  but  I  cannot 
help  it.  Science  seeks  truth,  and  nothing  else.  It  also  shakes  the 
bottom  out  of  the  microbe-producing-disease  theory,  and  confirms 
the  already  existing  law,  that  the  microbes  naturally  de- 
pend on  the  animal  and  vegetable,  and  these  in  their 

turn  on  the  microbes. 
2 


18  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY. 

Science  recognizes  about  400,000  kinds  (classes)  of  animals, 
while  it  knows  only  about  150,000  kinds  of  plants.  The  insect 
world  comprehends  about  280,000  kinds,  of  which  120,000  are 
Beetles,  50,000  Butterflies.  There  are  about  38,000  skin-wing  fly- 
ers, 13,000  kinds  of  Birds,  12,000  kinds  of  Fishes,  8,300  kinds  of 
Reptiles,  of  which  1,640  are  Snakes  (about  300  poisonous).  In 
addition  about  1,300  Amphibies  are  known,  20,000  kinds  of  Spid- 
ers, 50,000  kinds  of  Mollusks,  and  8,000  species  of  Worms. 

Now,  how  many  kinds  of  microbes  are  there?  It  is  not  un- 
reasonable to  suppose  that  there  are  as  many  kinds  as  there  are  tis- 
sues of  organic  vital  beings,  for,  as  these  must  die,  each  tissue  very 
probably  furnishes  the  natural  soil  for  some  particular  kind  of 
microbe. 

To  repeat  the  whole  once  more,  I  say  that,  among  the  laws  laid 
down  by  God  for  all  nature,  one  is,  that  vital  organisms  are  en- 
abled to  organize  and  accumulate  to  a  limited  extent;  and  another 
law  that  "decay  and  repair  go  hand  in  hand."  A  man  may  reach 
the  age  of  150  years,  the  oak  tree  4,000  years,  yet  it  is  only  a  ques- 
tion of  time  when  all  must  decay,  and  the  final  work  is  accom- 
plished by  the  vital  microbe.  If  it  were  not  for  the  microbes,  who 
isolate  the  elements  of  decayed  organisms,  all  animal  and  plant 
lifeJong  ago  would  have  come  to  an  end  for  want  of  nourishment. 
Here  we  notice  that  the  law  of  the  cycle  of  organic  life  is  a  beauti- 
ful one;  that  is,  the  dependence  of  the  animal  and  plant  on  the 
microbes;  on  the  other  hand,  the  dependence  of  the  microbes  on 
animals  and  plants.  This  law,  strange  to  say,  has  never  been  noticed, 
so  far  as  I  am  aware. 

XI.  How  are  diseases  produced  ?  Since  bacteriology 
and  the  microbe-producing-discase  theory  got  into  fashion,  the 
"  poor  litttle  cells  "  of  the  body  are  forgotten;  yet  the  cells  are  still 
there  and  do  the  work.  One  may  object  and  say  that  the  cells  do 
the  work  in  health,  not  in  disease.  .  That  is  true.  But  what  pre- 
vents the  cells  from  doing  their  work?  We  have  already  shown 
that  it  is  not  the  microbes,  but  the"  injured  and  decayed  matter. 

Physiology  is  the  science  of  the  laws  of  life  and  functions  of  living 
organisms.  That  this  definition  is  true,  no  one  can  doubt;  and, 
consequently,  any  one  who  wishes  to  comprehend  and  understand 
material  life  must  first  of  all  thoroughly  comprehend  and  under- 
stand the  "  laws  "  that  govern  material  life. 

Microbes  play  a  double  role  in  nature — they  complete  death  to 
prepare  for  the  living.  Without  the  microbes,  nutritious  elements 
for  living  organisms  would  long  ago  have  been  exhausted. 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY.  19 

Bacteriologists  for  the  last  thirty  years,  have  scared  the  peo- 
ple, and  they  have  become  more  careful  in  regard  to  cleanliness. 
So  far,  this  is  all  right;  but  has  any  one  of  the  medical  profession 
by  microbe-killing  (this  point  must  hot  be  forgotten)  been  able  to 
lessen  Consumption,  Typhoid  Fever,  the  Plague,  Cholera,  Lock- 
jaw, Smallpox,  Whooping-Cough,  Pneumonia,  Scarlatina,  Measles, 
Diptheria,  or  any  other  disease?  No;  not  one  has  succeeded  and 
never  can  succeed,  because  it  i^  against  a  law  of  nature.  The 
claim  of  some  in  curing  disease  or  healing  wounds  by  the  killing 
of  microbes,  is  nothing  but  antidoting  the  diseased  matter,  whence 
the  cells  are  enabled  to  perform  their  normal  functions.  The  error 
of  such  lies  in  a  misconception.  Does  not  every  physician  who 
trea:s  his  patients  according  to  the  laws  of  life  always  succeed  best? 
Does  not  every  such  physician  feel  in  his  heart  a  disgust  for  the 
notoriety  ^hunters  of  the  microbe-producing-disease  theory? 

All  thoroughly  educated  physicians  in  anatomy,  physiology, 
and  medicine  positively  know  that  the  "cells"  do  the  work  in 
organisms;  and,  consequently,  only  the  ignorant  throw  aside  "cell 
pathology  "  and  try  to  substitute  a  "  microbe  pathology  "  in  its  place. 
The  proof  of  the  existence  of  the  so-called  bacilli  has  not  explained 
a  single  disease;  neither  has  it  brought  out  any  advance  in  diagno- 
sis, prognosis,  or  treatment.  We  know  the  vital  reaction  of  the  cells 
and  distinguish  between  the  effects  caused  by  decayed  or  poisonous 
matter — for  instance,  ptomaines,  the  principal  acting  substance  in 
decayed  or  putrified  animal  or  vegetable  tissue.  The  ptomaine  is 
to  dead  tissue  or  matter  what  the  albuminoid  (proteid)  is  to  living 
matter.  And  here  it  may  be  remarked  that  it  must  not  be  imag- 
ined that  everything  that  stinks  is  a  poison.  To  prevent  dirt,  and 
filth,  and  keep  things  in  a  good  sanitary  condition  should  be  done 
not  with  a  view  of  destroying  microbes,  but  of  preventing  decom- 
posed poisonous  matter  and  thereby  the  ptomaines.  To  try  to  kill 
or  prevent  microbes  in  decomposed  matter  is  to  work  for  no  pur- 
pose, because  it  is  opposed  to  a  law  of  nature. 

The  germ  theorist  holds  that  the  " exhaled"  floating  particles 
are  the  bearers  of  germs  of  specific  infectious  disease.  Why  not 
the  poisonous  floating  particles  themselves,  without  the  microbes? 
Are  such  filth  particles  (disease  is  filth)  not  poisonous  and  irritat- 
ing without  the  microbes?  Does  not  a  certain  strength  of  inhala- 
tion of  ammonia,  or  other  medicines,  produce  disease  without  the 
microbes?  Does  not  a  cold  in  one  part  of  the  body  cause  contrac- 
tion of  the  muscular  fibres  and  thereby  contraction  of  the  capillary 
vessels?  According  to  the  severity  of  the  cold  and  according  to  the 


20  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY. 

condition  of  the  blood,  the  lymph  and  tissues  of  the  contracted 
part  degenerate,  cause  disease,  and,  in  fact,  a  different  kind  of  dis- 
ease in  each  individual,  according  to  the  place  affected  and  the 
state  of  the  system  at  the  time.  An  abnormality  of  microbes  in 
the  body  are  a  "  result,"  not  the  "  cause,"  of  any  disease.  Tie  a 
string  around  your  healthy  finger  and  in  less  than  a  week  your 
finger  is  in  a  state  of  mortification  and  full  of  microbes.  Are  the 
microbes  present  the  cause  of  the  mortification  of  the  "finger?  No; 
the  cause  was  the  string  that  cut  off  nutrition  to  the  finger.  The 
theory  that  epidemic  diseases  are  dependent  for  their  causation  upon 
the  presence  of  micro-organisms  is  not  founded  on  truth.  Climatic 
""  /  effects  on  air,  water,  and  other  matter  affecting  a  predisposition  in 
•  the  animal,  or  human  body,  is  the  cause,  not  the  microbes. 

All  animals  and  vegetables — that  is,  organisms — take  on  (as- 
similate), transform,  and  accumulate  matter;  at  the  same  time 
these  organisms  transform,  reduce  and  give  off  matter.  Yet  it  is 
only  a  part  of  that  healthy  organized  matter  which  is  transformed, 
reduced,  and  disorganized  in  the  body,  and  the  destructive  work 
of  that  decayed  matter  is  not  completed.  In  order  that  decayed 
matter,  in  and  outside  of  the  body,  be  completely  broken  up,  so  as 
to  reduce  it  to  a  state  suitable  again  for  assimilation  in  the  animal 
and  vegetable,  the  co-operation  of  the  microbe  is  indispensable. 

On  page  24  of  my  physiology  I  stated  that :  "  About  fifteen 
of  the  elements  known  to  chemists  take  part  in  making  up  the  tis- 
sues of  the  human  body,  the  majority  being  present  in  small  and 
varying  quantities  only.  Four  elements,  however — hydrogen,  oxy- 
gen, nitrogen,  and  carbon — occur  always  in  large  quantities,  con- 
stituting 97  per  cent  of  the  animal  frame — hydrogen,  oxygen,  and 
carbon  being  the  most  constant  and  abundant."  Again,  we  must 
not  forget  that  an  element  is  and  remains  an  element.  No  chemist 
or  chemical  action  can  make  one,  nor  can  it  destroy  one.  The 
difference  or  importance  lies  in  the  compounds  of  elements  in  re- 
gard to  organisms.  If  a  compound  of  elements  also  .contains  a 
vital  principle  (soul),  that  compound  is  a  vital  being;  if  a  com- 
pound contains  no  vital  principle,  or  if  that  vital  principle  has  left 
the  compound,  as  it  does  in  the  human  body;  or  if  the  vital 
principal  ceases  to  be  in  the  compound  as  it  does  in  the 
animal  or  vegetable,  that  compound  is  dead;  yet  the  elements 
remain  after  as  before.  The  microbes  do  not  destroy  a  part 
or  the  whole  of  a  vital  organism  (because  it  is  not  their 
office  or  function)  as  long  as  every  part  of  that  oganism 
is  in  a  normal  healthy  vital  condition;  but  as  soon  as  any 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY.  21 

part  of  that  organism  becomes  abnormal — that  is,  dead  tissue — 
then  the  microbes  are  at  hand,  because  that  is  their  "proper 
soil"  for  action;  and  possibly  each  bacillus  takes  along  a  barilla, 
and  in  less  than  no  time  millions  are  at  work  to  do  their  normal 
duty  according  to  law;  that  is,  to  complete  the  disorganization  of 
the  dead  organic  matter  and  isolate  the  elements  for  the  use  again 
of  vital  organisms.  If,  however,  the  proper  antidote  is  applied  or 
administered  to  the  poisonous  dead  matter  in  the  vital  organism, 
so  that  the  cells  can  go  on  repairing  the  broken-down  tissue,  then 
the  microbes  cease  their  work. 

Some  one  may  say:  "This  is  all  very  nice  talk  or  reading,  but 
where  do  the  microbes  come  from  when  they  enter  the  decayed  mat- 
ter of  the  body?"  To  answer  this  I  must  state  that  all  physiolog- 
ical questions  require  thought.  If  one  has  followed  this  disserta- 
tion with  sufficient  attention,  he  will  already  have  found  that  all 
organic  matter  must  contain  microbes,  and  our  food  and  drinks  are 
principally  organic  matter. 

According  to  the  Medical  age,  "  Bouchard  injected  cholera 
matter  filtered,  into  rabbits.  These  animals  had  cramps  from 
within  two  to  five  minutes  after  the  injection,  lasting  half  an  hour. 
Then  they  had  diarrhoea  within  a  few  hours,  which  consisted 
almost  entirely  of  desquamated  intestinal  epithelium;  it  was  a  ver- 
itable choleraic  flux  of  pea-soup  consistence,  lacking  nothing  but 
the  comma  bacillus.  There  was  no  bile  in  the  intestine,  it  being 
retained  in  the  gall-bladder.  The  animals  were  affected  with  slight 
and  temporary  albuminuria,  becoming  more  and  more  intense  till 
anuria  set  in,  and  all  died  after  three  or  four  days."  Then  he  con- 
cludes: "Was  it  the  cholera  I  had  given  to  these  hares?"  He 
states,  "No;  it  was  only  a  peculiar  kind  of  poisoning,  with  a  cer- 
tain resemblance  to  cholera,  for  there  was  no  period  of  incubation, 
and  the  morbid  accidents  were  immediate;  besides,  the  phenomena 
were  proportional  to  the  doses  of  injection  injected.  With  12 
c.c.  and  below,  the  animals  survived;  above  17  c.c.,  died.  Conse- 
quently," he  states,  "we  cannot  doubt  but  that  we  had  to  do 
with  toxaemia,  or  poisoning." 

It  is  the  dirt — that  is,  the  poisonous  fluid  or  poisonous  decom- 
posed dead  tissue — that  acts  on  the  cells  and  prevents  them  from 
performing  their  proper  functions.  Physiology  teaches  us  that 
"  animal  as  well  as  vegetable  life  depends  upon  the  action  of  its 
individual  organs  (cells  are  organs  too),  distinct,  but  mutually 
combined  and  dependent."  As  long  as  the  cells  do  their  normal 
functions,  the  body  is  healthy.  It  is  the  poisonous  matter  that 


• 


22  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY. 

prevents  or  interferes  with  the  cells.  The  poisonous  matter  more 
or  less  paralyzes  the  cells,  according  to  the  poison. 

Of  all  diseases  known  to  man,  each  has  received  a  name.  The 
microbe  hunter  seeks  for  the  name  of  the  disease;  for  instance, 
Phthisis,  Cholera,  Malaria,  and  the  like,  and  then  assigns  the  mi- 
crobes as  the  cause.  The  charlatan  only  treats  diseases  by  names, 
or  according  to  the  microbes  found.  The  thoroughly  educated 
physician  in  anatomy  and  physiology  treats  diseases  by  their 
symptoms  of  abnormality.  To  illustrate:  Suppose  a  diseased 
condition  brought  on  in  the  body  by  an  over-indulgence  in  food;  and> 
suppose,  any  kind  of  nervous  disease,  or  Rheumatism,  Gout' 
Bright's  disease,  Consumption,  or  Malaria.  Is  it  proper  to  treat 
the  disease  by  name  and  allow  the  original  cause  to  remain  unno- 
ticed? Again,  is  it  rational  to  hunt  for  the  microbes  now  present 
and  claim  that  the  microbes  produced  the  disease?  The  name  of  a 
disease  is  surely  no  guide  for  treatment;  but  the  symptoms  are,  be- 
cause they  indicate  and  show  us  the  anatomical  and  physiological 
changes  which  have  taken  place,  and  it  may  be  in  many  organs  at 
the  same  time.  Without  an  anatomical  or  physiological  change, 
there  can  be  no  disease,  and,  without  a  thorough  understanding  of 
anatomical  and  physiological  change,  there  can  be  no  scientific 
treatment.  The  blind  bird  may  find  the  acorn  on  the  road,  but  the 
chances  are  against  it. 

There  is  surely  value  in  antiseptics  and  in  disinfection — 
not  on  account  of  killing  the  microbes,  but  by  antidoting,  stimu- 
lating, or  by  removing  the  decomposed  matter.  We  have  already 
x  noticed  that  microbes  cannot  live  without  filth;  therefore,  natural 
purity  and  cleanliness  in  and  outside  of  the  body  covers  the  entire 
prophylaxis  and  treatment,  because  then  the  cells  and  organs  can 
perform  their  proper  functions. 

That  for  all  decomposed  poisonous  matter  there  must  be  proper 
antidotes,  there  can  be  no  doubt;  therefore,  if  microbe  hunters 
turned  their  attention  to  proper  antidotes  and  to  the  removal  of 
decomposed  matter  in  and  outside  of  the  body,  they  would  succeed 
in  curing,  as  it  is  consonant  with  the  laws  of  nature.  Simply  kill- 
ing the  microbes  makes  matters  worse. 

Many  physicians  and  surgeons  entertain  a  favorable  opinion 
of  the  microbe  doctrine  derived  from  "  Lister's  antiseptic  "  sur- 
gery; but,  has  the  surgeon  succeeded  because  he  killed  the  microbes? 
Whenever  a  physician  or  surgeon  treated  a  patient  by  injecting  or 
applying  an  antiseptic  with  the  idea  of  killing  the  microbes,  and 
succeeded  in  the  cure,  we  say,  his  action  was  right,  but  his  idea  was 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY.  23 

wrong.  Why?  Are  not  all  antiseptics  more  or  less  stimulant  to 
cells  and  tissues?  He  cured,  not  by  killing  the  microbes,  but  by 
stimulating  the  cells  to  normal  action.  The  physician  or  surgeon 
who  just  strikes  the  proper  strength  of  his  stimulant  (call  it  anti- 
septic, tonic,  or  anything  else),  so  as  to  invigorate  already  decaying 
or  weakened  cells  to  proper  normal  action,  will  have  the  best  suc- 
cess in  the  treatment  of  diseases  and  wounds.  All  this  indicates 
that,  as  soon  as  the  ptomaine  (the  principal  active  alkaloid  of  de- 
oom posed  matter)  is  eliminated,  the  disease  terminates;  just  as  a 
poisonous  dose  of  strychnine,  or  opium,  if  properly  eliminated,  ter- 
minates without  killing  the  patient.  We  have  antidotes  for  nearly 
all  poisonous  medicines,  so  that  it  is  not  always  necessary  to  elim- 
inate all  of  a  poison  taken. 

In  all  decomposed  organic  matter  (tissues)  microbes  can  be 
found,  but  they  are  present  abnormally  only  as  a  "result,"  not  as 
the  "cause."  Again,  that  Mosquitos,  Flies,  and  other  insects  can 
carry  disease  from  one  person  to  another,  there  can  be  no  doubt; 
but  it  is  the  matter  that  infects,  not  the  microbes.  That  the  de- 
composed matter  sucked  up  by  the  insect  does  not  poison  it,  seems 
again  to  make  for  the  theory  I  am  here  advocating,  for,  this  im- 
munity in  the  insect  cannot  rationally  be  explained  on  any  other 
ground  than  that  the  insect  is  furnished  with  some  fluid  or  other 
substance  which  prevents  attack  and  renders  its  body  proof  against 
the  poisonous  matter  absorbed  from  without.  Of  course  the  bac- 
teriologist will  claim  that  the  fluid  or  substance  found  in  the  insect 
for  its  preservation  acts  by  killing  the  microbes  of  the  poisonous 
matter,  but  that  this  is  not  so  must  be  rendered  evident  to  all  who 
have  followed  me  in  the  course  of  this  treatise. 

The  microbe  theory  can  never  furnish  a  rational  or  practical 
basis  for  practical  treatment,  neither  can  it  help  in  diagnosis,  as  we 
have  said  before,  because  many  kinds  of  microbes  must  be  present 
in  all  diseases  if  extended  to  many  different  kinds  of  tissues.  The 
ignorant  hunt  for  the  "  name"  of  the  disease  and  for  "microbes," 
but  we  have  already  noticed  that  such  a  proceeding  indicates  ignor- 
ance in  anatomy  and  physiology,  or  lack  of  common  sense. 

Microbes  placed  in  distilled  water  die  and  are  disssolved;  even 
the  Antrax  and  the  Plague  microbes  die  in  distilled  water.  The 
long  continued  use  of  distilled  water  only  as  a  drink  kills  the  ani- 
mal, because  it  deprives  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  necessary 
salts;  absorption  becomes  impossible,  assimilation  stops,  and  the 
animal  dies.  Animals  whose  food  and  air  are  sterilized  soon  loose 
the  function  of  assimilation.  This  again  shows  the  part  the 


24  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY. 

microbes  must  play  in  the  animal  economy.  Their  presence  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  in  the  healthiest  animal  bodies,  as  we  have  shown 
in  the  course  of  this  dissertation. 

The  nutritive  substances  enter  the  blood-circulation,  and  the 
cells  of  the  secreting  follicles,  glands,  and  of  certain  tissues  (for 
instance,  the  cells  of  muscular  fibres),  secrete  from  the  blood  the 
many  different  active  principles — the  "  Albuminoids  "  (proteids)  of 
the  fluids  and  solids,  such  as  Casein,  Ptyalin,  Pepsin,  Pancreatin, 
Mucosin,  Myosin,  Melanin,  Collagen,  Chondrin,  Elasticin,  and 
Keratin.  Now,  an  unnecessary  amount,  or  insufficiency  of  ele- 
ments by  food,  drink,  or  from  decomposed  matter  from  without 
introduced  into  the  body  make  it  impossible  for  the  secretions  to 
remain  normal;  consequently,  a  disease  is  developed,  depending  on 
the  quantity  and  quality  of  decayed  matter  present.  An  insuffi- 
ciency of  elements  present  causes  derangement  too,  though  this 
(starvation)  is  more  rare. 

Normal  matter  changed  within  our  body  on  account  of  a  su- 
perabundance of  certain  elements  present,  or  on  account  of  some 
faulty  function  of  certain  cells  or  organs,  thereby  causing  an  ab- 
normal condition  (decomposition)  of  certain  fluids  or  tissues,  pro- 
duces naturally  an  Auto-toxine  (some  may  call  it  Auto-intoxi- 
cation), that  is,  a  poisonous  condition  developed  within  the  body. 
According  to  the  auto-toxine  involved,  any  kind  of  an  infectious 
disease  may  develop.  Can  a  bacteriologist  show  that  microbes  are 
necessary  in  order  to  produce  such  a  disease?  Again,  if  decom- 
posed matter  is  introduced  that  accomplishes  the  same  result  in  the 
body  as  an  auto-toxine,  is  it  not  capable  of  causing  the  same  infec- 
tious disease  without  microbes?  Is  not  an  auto-toxine,  or  decom- 
posed matter  introduced  from  without,  capable  also  of  causing  a 
predisposition  for  an  infectious  disease? 

The  degree  of  liability  of  the  body  to  develop  an  auto-toxine 
depends  much  on  the  kinds  of  foods  and  drinks  taken  and  on  the 
natural  or  unnatural  "  decay  and  repair  "  going  on  in  the  body.  If 
the  decay  surpasses  the  amount  of  repair,  a  disease  is  the  result- 
Again,  it  is  a  law  of  physics  that  cold  contracts  a  substance,  and 
heat  dilates;  consequently,  cold  (according  to  that  law)  contracts 
the  tissues  of  the  body.  Now,  an  auto-toxine  must  surely  de- 
velop after  a  cold  in  any  part  of  the  body,  if  that  cold  suffi- 
ciently penetrated  so  as  to  contract  the  muscular  fibres,  which  in 
turn  press  on  the  capillary  vessels.  The  blood  and  lymph  of  that 
part  is  stagnated  and  soon  decomposes,  and  we  have  the  auto- 
toxine  and  a  poisonous  ptomaine  developed.  The  disease  after- 


MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY.  25 

wards  developing  depends  on  the  amount  and  kind  of  tissues 
decomposed  and  the  amount  and  kind  of  ptomaine  developed. 
That  each  and  every  kind  of  disease  may  develop  from  a  cold  I 
have  often  illustrated  and  satisfactorily  proven  to  the  students  of 
my  physiological  class  in  the  College. 

That  the  different  climates,  habits,  nutrition,  etc.,  of  the  many 
different  races  of  mankind  can,  and  in  fact  must,  produce  in  the 
one  or  the  other  an  aggravation  of  one  and  the  same  disease,  or 
even  an  entirely  different  disease,  is  nothing  but  natural.  Again, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  that  a  house  on  fire  can  easily  set  a 
predisposed  neighboring  house  on  fire;  or  that  the  "cause"  of  the 
one  is  likewise  the  "cause"  correspondent  of  the  other.  Diseases 
that  eliminate  their  poisons  through  the  skin,  as,  for  instance, 
Smallpox,  Scarlatina,  etc.,  are  more  liable  to  affect  another  person 
than  a  disease  that  eliminates  its  poison  through  the  kidneys, 
lungs,  or  intestines. 

Quinine  has  often  been  held  up  by  bacteriologists  as  a  proof  of 
the  correctness  of  the  microbe  theory,  because  quinia,  it  is  claimed, 
cures  malaria.  But  does  not  quinia  often  fail  to  cure  malaria, 
when  in  fact  arsenic  may  cure?  Often  both  of  these  fail;  then  a 
powder  containing  the  ingredients  constituting  the  compound 
cathartic  pills,  U.  S.  P.,  judiciously  administered  and  a  proper  diet, 
cures.  The  bacterialogist  may  possibly  answer:  "  The  diagnosis 
was  wrong."  But  this  is  not  necessarily  so,  by  any  means. 

Before  analyzing  quinia  as  a  curative  in  malaria,  I  have  to 
quote  once  more  from  my  physiology,  page  54:  "An  albuminoid 
is  a  nitrogenous  compound,  also  called  proteid  (holding  the  first 
place),  and  is  composed  of  C.  0.  N.  H.  and  S.  In  elementary 
composition  the  various  albuminoids  are  alike,  but  differ  in  the 
number  of  atoms  composing  each.  To  illustrate,  one  albuminoid 
may  contain  more  atoms  of  carbon,  another  of  nitrogen,  another 
of  hydrogen,  oxygen,  or  sulphur,  and  so  on.  The  albuminoids  are 
the  most  active  principles  of  the  liquids  and  solids  of  the  body. 
Those  of  the  fluids  are:  Casein,  Ptyalin,  Pepsin,  Pancreatin,  Mu- 
cosin,  and  Myosin.  Those  of  the  solids  are:  Collagen,  Chondrin, 
Elasticin,  and  Keratin.  The  animal  solid  albuminoids  have  some 
analogy  to  the  Alkaloids  of  plants,  such  as  quinia  of  cinchona 
bark,  or  strychnia  of  mux  vomica,  excepting  that  the  latter  (the 
alkaloids)  contain  no  sulphur."  We  notice,  then,  that  alkaloids 
are  compounds  of  C.  H.  N.  and  O.,  and  are  the  active  principles  of 
plants.  Consequently,  the  Albuminoids  and  the  Alkaloids  are  in 
elementary  composition  much  alike,  except  that  the  albuminoid 


26  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY. 

contains  the  element  sulphur,  the  alkaloid  none.  As  explained 
above,  the  number  of  elementary  atoms  contained  in  each  com- 
pound differ. 

Now  let  us  analyze  quinia  as  a  bacteriacite,  and,  as  curative  in 
malaria.  The  bacteriologist  claims  that,  adding  quinia  to  matter 
containing  microbes,  the  microbes  soon  become  motionless  and  die. 
This,  mind  you,  it  has  done  as  a  compound.  Quinia  is  an  alka- 
loid, and  its  compound  of  elements  is  as  stated,  C.  H.  N.  and  O. 
Who  has  ever  administered  quinia  that  entered  the  circulation  and 
tissues  as  a  compound  and  so  killed  the  microbes  in  the  circulation 
and  tissues?  Is  not  the  quinia  broken  up,  as  all  other  compounds 
are  into  its  elements  before  it  can  be  absorbed  and  enter  the  circu- 
lation? Now,  this  being  understood,  we  may  continue  our  illus- 
tration. 

Taurocholin  and  Clycocholin  are  two  albuminoid  compounds 
and  constituents  of  bile.  Physiologically,  if  these  bile-salts,  or 
compounds,  are  not  properly  present  in  bile,  or,  if  not  properly 
broken  up  in  the  intestines — that  is,  their  elements  isolated  and 
absorbed  into  the  circulation — the  animal  body  becomes  diseased, 
wastes,  and  dies.  Again,  in  the  case  of  malaria,  the  liver  is  always 
affected  and  enlarged.  The  spleen  in  case  of  malaria  is  also 
affected  and  enlarged.  In  the  spleen  the  hemoglobin  of  the  red 
blood-corpuscles  (an  albuminoid  compound)  is  broken  up  into  its 
elements,  which  pass  into  the  liver  and  there  contribute  elements 
for  the  secretion  of  bile-salts,  which,  as  we  have  noticed,  are  of  such 
great  importance  to  the  body. 

In  malaria,  the  liver  and  the  spleen  are  abnormal.  How 
then  can  the  bile-salts  (albuminoids)  be  normally  present?  If  in 
that  case  we  furnish  the  circulation  with  elements  that  are  wanting 
in  the  system,  that  is,  C.  H.  N.  and  O.,  which  exist  in  quinia,  nat- 
urally enough  we  tone  up  the  entire  system  and  the  cells  are  en- 
abled to  perform  their  normal  functions  again,  and  all  the  albu- 
minoids of  the  body,  such  as  Ptyalin,  Pepsin,  Pancreatin,  Haemo- 
globin, Myosin,  and  others,  become  normal  once  more.  As  soon  as 
the  obstruction  of  the  liver  and  spleen  is  removed,  be  it  removed 
with  compound  cathartic  pills,  U.  S.  P.,  or  with  any  other  rem- 
edy, and  the  secreting  ceils  receive  the  proper  elements  and  are  en- 
abled to  do  their  normal  functions,  quinia  will  be  no  longer  re- 
quired in  malaria.  Are  these  not  true  physilogical  facts?  If  true 
facts,  of  what  use  is  the  microbe-producing-disease  mania?  That 
malaria  is  not  due  to  microbes,  can  easily  be  proven  on  physiologi- 
cal grounds—  a  subject  which  does  not  belong  to  the  present 


MK'ROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE    THEORY.  27 

treatise.  Many  years  ago  I  read  a  paper  on  the  "Cause  of  Malaria" 
before  the  San  Francisco  County  Society  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  showed  that  Malaria  is  produced  by  auto-toxine,  and 
not  by  microbes.  I  also  read  a  paper  and  proved  on  physiological 
grounds  that  Diphtheria  is  primarily  produced  by  cold,  never  by 
microbes. 

About  six  months  ago  I  met  with  an  accident  which  proved  in 
my  own  person  that  Tetanus  was  not  caused  by  microbes,  and  that 
it  was  not  cured  with  microbe  killers.  One  day  I  found  by  chance 
a  bottle  without  a  label  on  a  shelf  in  my  laboratory.  The  bottle 
contained  what  I  supposed  (by  inadvertence)  to  be  an  ounce  of 
phosphorus,  whereas  in  reality  it  was  metallic  sodium,  and,  as  a 
part  of  it  was  not  covered  by  the  fluid  in  the  bottle,  I  was  anxious 
to  cover  the  supposed  phosphorus  with  water  to  prevent  it  from 
taking  fire.  As  soon  as  I  poured  the  water  into  the  bottle  a  violent 
explosion  followed.  I  received  thirty-two  cuts  and  wounds  on  my 
left  hand,  and  four  in  my  face.  My  specks  saved  my  eyes.  At  first 
I  was  stunned,  and  after  I  came  to  I  ran  to  the  hall  (my  office  is  in 
the  Medical  College)  to  call  for  assistance,  but  every  student  and 
professor  had  already  gone.  I  went  back  to  my  office,  washed  off 
the  blood,  extracted  the  pieces  of  glass  from  the  wounds,  and 
patched  up  the  larger  cuts  as  well  as  I  could  with  sticking  plaster. 
The  hand  turned  blue,  and  from  the  concussion  and  shock  sensa- 
tion entirely  ceased  as  far  as  the  wrist.  In  about  half  an  hour  the 
hand  turned  to  its  natural  col»r  again  and  sensation  returned.  It 
was,  however,  as  if  there  were  millions  of  pins  in  the  hand,  and  so 
severe  was  the  pain  and  heat  that  I  had  to  hold  my  hand  under  the 
faucet  of  cold  water  for  some  time. 

Three  days  afterward  the  smaller  cuts  had  already  healed,  but  in 
a  large  one  I  extracted  another  piece  of  glass  about  the  size  of  a  silver 
five-cent  piece.  On  the  fourth  day  I  was  awakened  about  4  o'clock 
in  the  morning  by  slight  twitchings  in  the  reflex  centres  of  the 
spinal  cord.  The  twitchings  became  gradually  more  and 
more  severe,  mostly  at  the  lower  cervical  and  upper  dorsal 
regions  of  the  spine;  the  muscles  on  the  sides  of  my  neck  and 
lower  parts  of  the  cheeks  became  more  and  more  stiff  and  painful. 
I  called  my  family  and  told  them  that  I  feared  tetanus  and  lock- 
jaw. I  ordered  them  to  prepare  quickly  a  kettle  of  hot  water,  and 
then  to  take  a  piece  of  flannel  four  or  five  times  folded  and  about 
seven  inches  wide  by  about  fifteen  inches  long  and  to  bring  the  hot 
water  into  my  room  and  keep  it  hot  on  a  gas  stove;  to  dip  the  flan- 
nel into  the  water  and  to  ring  it  out  as  hot  as  they  could.  This 


28  MICROBE-PRODUCING-DISEASE   THEORY. 

was  quickly  placed  on  the  skin  over  the  cervical,  dorsal,  and  lum- 
bar spine.  I  then  laid  on  the  flat  of  my  back.  The  application 
was  repeated  every  fifteen  minutes,  and  in  about  three  hours  the 
muscles  on  my  neck  and  cheeks  commenced  to  be  limber  and  the 
pain  ceased.  The  twitchings  in  the  spine  came  less  frequently 
and  became  less  severe.  The  applications  after  this  were  repeated 
only  every  half  hour.  After  eight  hours  all  pain  and  twitchings 
entirely  disappeared.  Now,  no  medicine  was  used,  because  my 
body  was  otherwise  in  good  order. 

Had  I  relied  on  bromides  or  other  nervous  sedatives,  or  on 
anti-toxines,  or  on  bacilli  killers,  no  doubt  Loefler's  Tetanic  bacilli 
in  about  eight  or  ten  days  after  the  accident  would  have  been  very 
busy  in  the  grave  separating  and  isolating  the  elements  of  my  body. 

I  am  well  aware  that  what  I  have  stated  in  this  treatise  will 
have  liltle  weight  with  the  worshipers  of  great  names;  yet,  for  all 
that,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  put  my  views  forward,  being  persuaded 
that  no  man's  mere  word  or  opinion  is  entitled  to  any  other  con- 
sideration above  the  proof  that  they  bear,  and,  that  truth  must 
finally  triumph. 


GLOSSARY    OF    WORDS    AND    SYMBOLS 

USED  IN  THIS  TREATISE. 


Abnormal.    Not  normal;  unnatural;   unusual;   irregular.     (See  Normal.) 

Abscess.     A  circumscribed  collection  of  pus  in  tissue. 

Absorption.  The  taking  in  or  sucking  up  by  the  absorbing  vessels  and  tis- 
sues; imbibition. 

Adhesion.    Attraction  between  unlike  molecules.     (See  Cohesion.) 

2Emia.     Refers  to  blood.     (See  Anaemia.) 

2Ether  or  Ether.  An  extremely  subtle  elastic  substance  which  is  supposed 
to  pervade  all  space  as  well  as  all  bodies.  It  may  reasonably  be  assumed 
to  be  a  simple  form  of  gas,  which,  on  account  of  its  extreme  tenuity  is  un- 
detectable  by  any;process  at  present  known  to  science.  It  does  not  enter 
into  combination  with  other  substances ;  therefore,  its  quantity,  quality, 
and  action  always  remain  constant.  Assuming  the  atomic  theory  to  be  the 
correct  one,  aether  forms  the  interstitial  medium  between  the  atoms  and 
molecules  of  all  gases,  fluids,  and  solids;  entering  the  inter-atomic  and 
molecular  spaces  on  the  expansion  of  these  bodies  and  receding  on  their 
contraction. 

-SStiology.    The  science  of  causes ;  doctrine  of  the  causation  of  disease. 

Aggregate.  To  bring  together ;  collect  by  drawing  on  to  itself :  to  form  a 
part  or  the  whole. 

Albumen.     White  of  egg. 

Albumin.  Albuminous  (nitrogenous)  proximate  principle,  always  contain- 
ing in  addition  sulphur. 

Albuminoid.  The  secreted  and  most  active  principle  of  liquids  and  solids 
of  the  living  animal  body,  such  as  Casein,  Ptyalin,  Pepsin,  Pancreatin, 
Mucosin,  Myosin,  Collagen,  Chondrin,  Elasticin,  and  Keratin.  All  are 
compounds  of  C.H.N.O.  and  S.  (See  Alkaloid.) 

Albuminoid  compound.  A  secreted  fluid  or  solid  of  the  animal  body  that 
contains  an  albuminoid,  for  instance,  saliva,  gastric  juice,  pancreatic  juice, 
muscular  fibres,  cartilage,  etc.  (See  Albuminoid.) 

Albuminous.  Relates  to  animal  and  vegetable  food  containing  albumin 
mixed  with  other  nutritious  substances. 

Albuminuria.    Albumin  in  urine,  such  as  Bright's  disease. 

Algae.  Bacteria  associated  with  chlorophyll  (this  a  vegetable  alkaloid  essen- 
tial and  necessary  to  plants). 

Aliment.     Nourishment;  food. 

Alimentary.    Relating  to  aliment,  or  to  the  alimentary  canal. 

Alkaloid.  The  most  active  principle  of  certain  plants,  such  as  Quinine, 
Morphine,  Strychnine,  etc.,  all  contain  C.H.N.  and  0.  (See  Albuminoid.) 

Alopecia.     More  or  less  complete  loss  of  hair. 

Alvine.    Pertaining  to  the  abdomen  or  intestines. 

Alvus.    Belly. 


30  GLOSSARY. 

Amalgam.    An  alloy  of  mercury  with  another  metal. 

Anabolism.  Constructive  process ;  building  up  tissues  from  nutritive  ele- 
ments or  substances;  assimilation.  (See  Metabolism,  and  Katabolism.) 

Anaemia.  Insufficient  number  of  or  defective  red  blood-corpuscles  in  the 
blood,  or  a  local  or  general  want  of  blood  in  the  body.  (See  ^Emia.) 

Analogus  (analogous).     Resembling;  similar  to. 

Analysis.  The  act  of  dissolving  any  substance  ;  separating  constituent  ele- 
ments of  a  compound  ;  to  examine  minutely  or  critically. 

Anatomical.     Everything  that  pertains  to  anatomy 

Anatomic  element.    The  smallest  natural  division  of  the  organism. 

Anatomy.  The  art  of  dissecting  organized  bodies ;  the  complete  knowledge 
of  the  material  human  body. 

Ancient.     Of  former  times  ;  of  olden  times. 

Animalculum  (pi.  Animalcula) .     A  minute  organism. 

Antagonism.     Opposition  ;  resistence  ;  counteraction. 

Anthrax.  A  contagious  disease  of  malignant  pustules  or  carbuncles  ac- 
companied by  very  high  fever. 

Anti.     Against ;  opposed. 

Antidote.  A  remedy  which  counteracts  or  removes  the  dangerous  action  of 
poison,  or  of  disease. 

Antipyric.     A  remedy  which  checks  or  prevents  the  formation  of  pus. 

Antiseptic.    A  remedy  that  prevents  or  counteracts  putrefaction. 

Anti-toxine.    An  antidote.     (See  Antidote,  and  Toxine.) 

Anuria.     Suppression  of  urine. 

Aphtha.  Small  white  curd-like  patches  on  mucous  membrane  in  the  mouth, 
on  the  tongue,  and  fauces,  with  small  ulcers. 

Appendage.  An  addition;  an  eye-brow,  eye-lid,  nails,  hair,  etc.,  are  ap- 
pendages. 

Appendicitis.    Inflammation cf  the  appendix.     (See  Vermiform  appendix.) 

Appendix.    An  appendage.     (See  Vermiform  appendix.) 

Assimilation.  The  conversion  of  nutritious  matter  in  the  body  into  the 
proper  organic  tissues. 

Atom.    A  primitive  element ;  the  smallest  division  of  matter. 

Atomic  state.     Matter  reduced  to  atoms. 

Auto.    Self ;  origin  within  the  body. 

Auto-toxine.  The  active  principle  of  decomposed  poisonous  matter  devel- 
oped within  the  body.  (See  Toxine,  and  Ptomaine.) 

B 

Bacillus  (pi.  Bacilli.) — from  baculum,  a  stick  or  rod;  a  minute  rod;  rod- 
like  bacterium ;  cylindrical  microbes. 

Bacteriologist.  One  who  uses  the  microscope  to  examine  or  find  microbes ; 
one  who  cultivates  microbes  in  a  culture  soil. 

Bacteriology.  The  examination,  cultivation,  or  finding  of  bacilli  (microbes) 
with  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

Bacterium  (pi.  Bacteria).  A  little  rod.  The  word  by  which  DeBary  in  his 
botanical  work  grouped  the  whole  class  of  microbes,  hence  the  name  Bac- 
teria. (See  Schizomycetes.) 

Beggiatoa.    Genus  of  schizomycetes  possessing  cocci,  rods,  or  threads. 

Bouchard.    A  noted  French  physician. 


GLOSSARY.  31 

c 

C.  Symbol  for  carbon ;  a  carbon  element.  Also  for  Centigrade  degree  of 
temperature. 

Cadaver.     A  carcass,  or  dead  animal  body. 

Capillary.    A  hair-like  blood  or  lymph  vessel. 

Carbon.    A  chemical  element. 

Cardiac.     Relating  to  the  heart. 

Casein.  An  albuminoid  compound  of  C.H.N.O.  and  S.,  the  principal  nutri- 
tive substance  in  milk. 

CC.     Cubic  centimetre. 

Cell.  A  nucleated  mass  of  protoplasm,  in  the  form  of  a  small  vessicle, 
composed  of  a  jelly-like  or  somewhat  fatty  substance. 

Cell  pathology.  The  theory  that  the  essential  development  and  repair  of 
the  body  is  accomplished  by  cells,  and  the  treatment  according  to  it. 

Cellular.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  cells. 

Centigrade.    A  scale  to  measure  temperature,  based  on  the  decimal  system. 

Centimetre.     One-hundredth  of  a  metre  ;  0.3937  inch. 

Centre.     An  aggregation  of  gray  nervous  cell-matter.     (See  Nervous  Centre.) 

Cerebro-spinal.     Pertaining  to  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Cerebrum.     The  upper  and  largest  part  of  the  brain. 

Cervical.  Pertaining  to  the  neck  between  the  head  and  chest ;  the  seven  up- 
permost bones  (vertebrae)  of  the  spine. 

Cervical  region.     Pertaining  to  or  neighboring  the  cervical  part  of  the  spine. 

Chemical.    Of  or  pertaining  to  chemistry. 

Chemical  change.  A  change  that  alters  the  identity  of  a  molecule.  (See 
Physical  change.) 

Chemism.  Chemical  affinity  or  attraction,  especially  considered  as  a  mani- 
festation of  energy 

Chemistry.    The  science  of  substantial  changes. 

Chlorophyll.  A  dark-green  and  essential  alkaloid  to  vegetation  composed  of 
C.H.N.  andO.,  imparting  the  green  color  to  foliage  and  transforming  the 
plant-food  into  vegetable  life  material  or  tissues. 

Chole.     Bile. 

Choledochus.  The  hepatic  or  large  bile  duct  which  receives  the  bile  from 
the  smaller  biie-ducts  and  discharges  the  bile  into  the  duodenum  (upper 
portion)  of  the  small  intestine. 

Chondrin.  The  essential  constituent  of  cartilage,  an  albuminoid  consisting 
of  C.H.N.O.  and  S. 

Chondrus.     Cartilage. 

Cladothrix.    Genus  of  schizomycetes,  develops  cocci,  rods,  threads,  or  spirals. 

Clostridium.     Bacillus.  (See  Bacillus,  and  Schizomycetes.) 

Cocci.    Short  rodlets  bacteria;  long  rodlets  bacilli. 

Coccus  (pi.  Cocci).     (See  Cocci,  and  Schizomycetes.) 

Cogitate.    To  think  ;  to  meditate. 

Cohesion.    Molecular  attraction  between  like  molecules.     (See  Adhesion.) 

Collagen.  The  essential  organic  ba^is  of  connective  tissue,  an  albuminoid 
consisting  of  C.H.N.O.  and  S. 

Coma  bacillus.  A  microbe  having  the  form  of  a  coma  of  the  smallest  type- 
print,  discovered  by  Koch  in  Asiatic  cholera.  Found  by  Denecke  in  old 
cheese ;  by  Finckler  and  Prior  in  other  matter. 


32  GLOSSARY. 

Component.  Helping  to  form;  forming  a  part  or  ingredient ;  constituent; 
a  constituent  element  or  part. 

Compound.  Composed  of  or  produced  by  the  union  of  two  or  more  ele- 
ments, ingredients,  or  parts  ;  a  molecule  ;  a  mass  of  matter. 

Compound  of  elements.     A  molecule.     (See  Compound.) 

Conjunctivitis.  An  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  lining  the  inner 
surface  of  the  eyelids  and  external  eyeball. 

Consciousness  (psychologically  considered).  That  power  of  the  rational  soul 
of  returning  completely  upon  itself,  by  which  the  intellect  not  only  per- 
ceives the  acts  of  the  other  faculties,  but  its  own  acts  also,  and  recognizes 
itself  as  the  subject  of  them. 

Consonant.     Consistent ;  in  union  or  harmony. 

Contagious.  Capable  of  being  caught ;  a  disease  capable  of  being  commun- 
icated from  one  person  to  another;  transmissible  by  contact. 

Contaminated.     Polluted;   corrupt;  tainted. 

Culture  soil.  Some  substance  such  as  meat  broth,  gelatin,  etc.,  in  which 
microbes  are  placed  for  cultivation. 

Cutaneous.     Pertaining  to  the  skin. 

Cuticle  (epidermis).    The  outer  skin  ;  scarf-skin. 

Cycle.    A  circle ;  recurring ;  repeating  itself. 

D 

Decay.    Corruption  of  material  substances ;  decomposed  organic  matter. 

Decomposed.  Broken  up  organic  matter  into  parts ;  putrified ;  decayed  or- 
ganic matter. 

Dementia.  Loss  of  reasoning  power;  incoherency  of  ideas;  last  stage  of 
insanity 

Desquamation.    A  scaling  from  the  skin  ;  peeling  or  scaling  off. 

Diagnosis.  The  act  of  recognizing  a  disease  by  its  symptoms,  or,  to  distin- 
guish one  disease  from  another. 

Digest.    Analytical  abridgment ;  methodical  arrangement. 

Doctrine.  A  particular  view  of  a  subject ;  that  which  is  taught  or  set  forth 
for  acceptance  or  belief. 

Dorsal.  Relating  to  the  back;  second  division  of  the  spine,  or  upper  half  of 
the  spine  to  which  the  ribs  are  attached. 

Dorsal  region.    On  or  near  the  dorsal  part  of  the  spine. 

E 

Economy.    An  entire  system  of  a  vital  organism  ;  the  entirety  of  an  organic 

system ;  an  entire  animal  body. 
Elasticin.    The  homogeneous  material  of  tissues,  an  albuminoid  composed  of 

C.H.N.O.  and  S. 
Element.    An  atom;  the  smallest  division  of  matter;  for  instance,  oxygen, 

hydrogen,  carbon,  nitrogen,  etc. 

Elementary.     Relating  to  the  elements;  primary;  uncompounded 
Embolism.    The  result  of  an  embolus ;  obstruction  of  a  blood-vessel  by  an 

em  bolus. 
Embolus.     A  concretion  formed  in  one  place  and  transported  by  the  blood  to 

another  locality ;  running  to  or  that  which  is  carried  to  or  thrust  in,  as  a 

piston  or  wedge. 
Endo.     In  ;  within  ;  interior. 


GLOSSARY.  33 

Endothelium.    The  thin  layers  of  cells  lining  all  the  internal  closed  cavities, 

such  as  the  pleural  cavity,  the  pericardium,  the  chambers  in  the  heart,  the 

membranes  of  cavities  of  the  brain,  the  central  canal  of  the  spinal  cord, 

the  interior  of  blood  vessels,  lymphatics,  the  serous  and  synovial  cavities, 

and  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  internal  ear. 
Energy.    The  power  of  producing  positive  effects. 
Entozoa.     Animal  organisms  living  within  other  animal  bodies  from  whose 

tissues  they  derive  nourishment ;  for  instance,  worms  in  the  intestines,  or 

trichinae  spiralis  in  the  muscles. 
Epi.     Upon,  or  above. 
Epithelium.    The  thin  layers  of  cells  covering  the  entire  skin  of  the  body 

and  the  internal  passages,  such  as  the  alimentary  canal,  the  air  passages, 

and  such  organs  as  the  liver,  kidneys,  lips,  etc. 
Ether.     (See  ^Ether.) 
Etiology.     (See  ^Etiology.) 
Exanthemata.    An  infectious,  febrile,  eruptive  disease. 

F 

F.    Symbol  for  Fahrenheit  degree  of  temperature. 
Faeces.     Alimentary  excrementitious  matter. 
Febrile.    Of  or  pertaining  to  fever ;  caused  or  accompanied  by  or  indicating 

fever. 
Fever.     A  disease  accompanied  by  101°  F.,  or  higher  temperature  of  the  body. 

(The  normal  temperature  of  the  body  is  98.5°  F.,  or  37.25°  C.) 
Fibre.    Thin;  thread-like. 
FibrillaB.  Minute  fibres. 
Fibro.     Prefix  to  words  referring  to  fibrous  tissue,  either  by  composition, 

derivation,  or  resemblance. 
Filament.     A  minute  thread  or  fibre. 
Flux.     Flowing ;  looseness ;  an  almost  constant  flowing. 
Follicle  (Lat.  Follis).    A  small  bag;  a  small  tubular  secreting  sac. 
Function.    The  action  of  an  organ  or  set  of  organs  ;  the  work  accomplished 

by  a  cell,  organ,  or  organism. 

G 

Ganglion  (pi.  Ganglia}.  Small  lumps  or  masses  of  special  organs  in  the 
body,  appearing  under  three  forms:  Those  of  the  nervous  system  are 
always  connected  with  nerve-fibres ;  the  lymphatic  glands  with  the  lym- 
phatic vessels ;  other  ganglia,  such  as  the  thymus  and  thyroid  glands  and 
the  suprarenal  capsules. 

Gastric.     Relating  to  the  stomach. 

Gastro-intestinal.     Relating  to  the  stomach  and  intestines. 

Germ.  A  minute  organic  mass,  capable  of  developing  into  a  cell,  organ,  or 
organism. 

Gland.  An  organ  composed  of  cells,  blood-vessels,  nerves,  and  absorbents, 
with  the  function  either  to  secrete  fluid  for  use  in  the  economy  or  to  ex- 
crete as  waste. 

Glandula  (pi.  Glandulx).    A  small  gland. 

Grape-louse.     Phylloxera.     (See  phylloxera.) 

Glycocholin.  A  principal  essential  albuminoid  of  bile,  an  albuminoid  com- 
posed of  C.H.N.O.  and  S. 

Glycosuria.    Sugar  in  urine. 
3 


34  GLOSSARY. 

H 

H.     Symbol  for  hydrogen  ;  hydrogen  element. 

Hsema.     As  a  prefix  indicates  blood. 

Haemo.    Asa  prefix  indicates  blood. 

Hemoglobin.  A  crystallizable  haematin  and  globulin  substance,  originat- 
ing in  and  coloring  the  red  blood-corpuscles. 

Histology.  The  science  of  minute  anatomy ;  the  science  of  minute  constit- 
uents of  organs  and  tissues. 

Hydrogen.  The  lightest  gas  known— about  14)£  times  lighter  than  the 
atmosphere ;  in  combination  with  oxygen  it  forms  water ;  hydrogen  is  an 
element  of  all  organic  bodies. 

Hydrophobia.  An  acute  fatal  disease  resulting  from  the  morbid  poison  of 
the  saliva  of  a  rabid  animal,  generally  received  from  a  bite. 

Hypo.    Under ;  beneath  ;  below. 

Hypogastric.    Below  the  stomach ;  abdomen. 

I 

Immune.    Exempt  or  protected  against  disease. 

Immunity.    Freedom  or  exempted  from  disease. 

Infectious.  Matter  of  a  disease  that  can  be  communicated  to  another  per- 
son ;  capable  of  infecting ;  any  matter  capable  of  causing  disease  in  many 
persons  at  the  same  time. 

Inflammation.    Heat,  redness,  swelling,  and  pain  in  a  part  of  the  body. 

Influenza.  A  special  epidemic  catarrhal  fever,  with  inflammation  of  the 
gastric  cesophageal  and  bronchial  mucous  and  olfactory  membranes,  with 
nervous  pains  and  prostration. 

Infusoria.  Water  animalcula;  found  during  summer  in  water  exposed  to 
moderately  warm  atmosphere,  though  the  water  be  clarified,  distilled,  or 
boiled. 

Inherent.  Inborn;  natural  writh;  existing  in,  but  not  separable  from  it; 
permanently  united  as  a  natural  original  quality. 

Inorganic.  Without  organs ;  that  which  is  not,  never  was,  and  never  can 
become  an  organism. 

Instinct.    An  inherent  impulse  impelling  the  animal  to  act  in  a  restricted 
,  specific  manner.     (See  Inherent,  and  Intellect,  and  Reason.) 

Intellect.  A  faculty  of  the  human  soul.  (See  Instinct,  and  Reason,  and 
Judgment.) 

Inter-atomic.    Situated,  existing,  or  acting  between  atoms. 

Intercellular.    Situated  between  or  among  cells. 

Intermittent.    Ceasing  at  intervals. 

Intermolecular.     Situated,  existing,  or  acting  between  the  molecules. 

Interstitial.     Between  tissues  ;  pertaining  to  connective  tissue. 

Itch.     Scabies  ;  an  itching  skin  disease. 

Itch-mite  (Lat.  Acarus  scabici}.    A  very  small  insect  causing  the  itch. 

Itis.     Any  word  or  term  of  disease  ending  with  ' '  itis  ' '  refers  to  inflammation. 

J 

Judgment.  An  act  of  the  mind  or  soul  by  which  it  affirms  the  agreement  or 
disagreement  of  two  concepts  or  ideas.  (See  Intellect,  and  Instinct, 
and  Reason.) 

Jugular.    Pertaining  to  the  throat,  or  jugular  vein. 

Jugum.     A  yoke. 


GLOSSARY. 


35 


K 

Katabolism.  Destructive  process;  tearing  down  of  tissues;  degeneration. 
(See  Anabolism,  and  Metabolism.) 

Keratin.  The  resisting  and  indestructible  substance  of  the  hair,  nails,  epi- 
dermic scales,  feathers,  and  all  horny  tissues;  an  albuminoid  composed  of 
C.H.N.O.  and  S. 

Kinetic.     Effecting  or  involving  motion. 

Kinetic  energy.  Energy  which  is  essential  to  or  possessed  by  a  body  or 
substance.  (See  Potential  energy.) 

L 

Labyrinth.  A  structure  of  intricate  winding  passages ;  the  vestibule'cochlea 
and  semi-circular  canals  of  the  internal  ear  is  a  labyrinth. 

Latent.     Present  but  not  visible  or  apparent. 

Latent  energy.  An  energy  that  exists  in  molecules,  compounds,  or  matter, 
but  not  visible  or  apparent. 

Lepra  or  Leprosy.  A  chronic  skin  disease  characterized  by  ulcerous  erup- 
tions and  successive  desquamations  of  dead  skin. 

Leptothrix.     Filamentous  cocci  microbes. 

Lesion.  Injury;  derangement;  morbid  change  in  structure  or  function  of 
an  organ  or  tissue. 

Lethalis.     Mortal;  deadly;  deep  stupor. 

Leucocytes.  Colorless  small  cell-like  spherical  and  nucleated  corpuscles  of 
protoplasm,  having  the  power  of  amoeboid  movements,  floating  in  lymph 
and  blood  derived  from  the  lymph-glands  of  the  mesentery. 

Leucocythamplio.  Increased  number  of  leucocytes,  accompanied  by  an  ab- 
normally decreased  number  of  red  blood-corpuscles. 

Leucomaines.  Poisonous  animal  alkaloids  developed  in  the  living  body  by 
metabolic  processes;  constituents  analogous  to  ptomaines. 

Leucorrhoea.    White  discharge,  especially  from  the  female  genitals. 

Life.    Vitality;  that  state  enabling  metabolism  within  itself;  being  living. 

Lister.     A  noted  surgeon  of  England. 

Living,  matter.    The  matter  of  living  beings. 

Living  organism.    An  organism  containing  a  vital  principle  (soul). 

Lockjaw.  A  spasmodic  stiffness  of  the  muscles  of  the  neck  and  cheeks,  with 
pain  on  motion  and  closure  of  the  lower  jaw.  (See  Tetanus,  and  Trismis.) 

Loeffler.    A  noted  bacteriologist  in  Germany. 

Lumbar.     Pertaining  to  the  loins. 

Lumbar  region.     Sides  of  the  abdomen  and  spine. 

Lumbar  spine.  The  third  division  of  the  spine,  i.  e.,  the  five  vertebrae  be- 
low the  last  dorsal  vertebrae. 

Lunatic.    An  insane  person  with  lucid  intervals. 

Lupus  (L).  Wolf;  skin  wolf ;  a  chronic  localized  infiltration  and  ulceration 
of  the  skin  and  subjacent  tissues,  generally  about  the  nose,  eating  into  the 
substance  and  leaving  a  deep,  unpleasant  scar. 

Lymph.    The  fluid  within  the  lymphatic  vessels. 

Lymphatics.    Pertaining  to  lymph,  lymph  vessels,  or  lymph  glands. 

M 

M.    Metre. 

MM.    Millimetre;  also  micrometre. 

MMM.     Micromillimetre. 


36  GLOSSARY. 

Malaria.  A  condition  of  disease  produced  by  aato-toxine  and  caused  by 
catching  cold  repeatedly  on  sultry-foggy  nights  in  low  swampy  places,, 
where  the  excessive  high  heat  in  the  daytime  makes  the  air  full  of  dust  and 
oppressive,  the  water  foul  and  stagnated,  and  where  the  heat  interferes 
witfi  the  function  of  proper  digestion  of  the  food.  (See  Auto-toxine.) 

Malignant.     Dangerous  to  life. 

Mania.    Insane  excitement;  hallucination  and  delirium. 

Mass.     Any  quantity  of  matter  that  is  composed  of  molecules. 

Material.  Consisting  of  matter;  more  or  less  necessary:  the  substance  of 
which  anything  is  made. 

Matter.  Anything  that  occupies  space  or  takes  up  room,  or  that  can  exert 
or  be  acted  on  by  force.  Matter  may  exist  in  masses,  molecules,  or  atoms. 
in  either  solid,  liquid,  or  gaseous  form;  the  subject  of  discourse. 

Maxwell.    A  noted  English  physicist. 

Medical  World.  A  very  desirable  and  useful  monthly  medical  publication 
at  Philadelphia. 

Medium  (pi.  Media).  That  through  which  a  body  moves  to  any  point;  the 
means  or  instrument  by  which  an  agent  acts  or  is  acted  upon ;  intervening 
or  surrounding  substance ;  anything  that  acts  or  serves  intermediary. 

Meningitis.  Inflammation  of  meninges  (membranes)  of  the  spinal  cord,  or 
brain. 

Metabolism.  Process  of  change,  alteration,  metamorphosis.  It  includes 
anabolism  and  katabolism.  (See  Anabolism,  and  katabolism.) 

Metamorphosis.    Change  of  form,  shape,  function;  transformation. 

Metaphysics.  The  science  of  things  above  and  beyond  physics;  generally 
employed  as  synonymous  with  mental  philosophy. 

Metre.     A  French  measure,  being  39.371  inches. 

Microbe.  The  minutest  vital  thing  possible  and  capable  of  entering  all  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  decay  matter  wherever  existing. 

Microbe  killer.     A  remedy  supposed  to  kill  microbes. 

Microbe  pathology.  The  doctrine  that  microbes  produce  disease,  and  the 
use  of  remedies  supposed  to  kill  the  microbes  of  diseases. 

Micrococci.    Globular  microbes;  globular  bacteria.     (See  Schizomycetes.) 

Micrometer.     A  scale  for  minute  measurement  under  the  microscope. 

Micromillimetre.    The  millionth  part  (0.000001)  of  a  millimetre. 

Micron.    The  one-thousandth  part  (0.001)  of  a  millimetre. 

Micro-organism.     A  very  minute  organism. 

Microphytes.     Minute  microbes  of  plants. 

Microscope.    A  magnifying  or  enlarging  glass. 

Micturition.    The  discharge  of  urine  from  the  bladder. 

Millimetre.    The  one-thousanth  part  (0.001)  of  a  metre. 

Mite.    A  very  small  insect.     (See  Itch-mite.) 

Molecular.    Relating  to  molecules;  minute  compound  of  atoms. 

Molecule.  A  small  compound  of  atoms  or  elements;  the  smallest  compound 
of  matter  that  can  exist  by  itself;  the  physical  unit  of  matter. 

Molusca.  A  division  of  invertebrates,  such  as  cuttlefishes,  snails,  bi valves , 
worms,  etc. 

Mollusk.     One  of  the  molusca. 

Monomania.    Insanity  confined  to  a  single  idea  or  subject. 

Morbid.    A  diseased  or  abnormal  state  ;  unhealthy  ;  sickly. 


GLOSSARY.  37 

Morphology.  The  science  of  the  forms  and  elementary  constituents  of  tis- 
sues, organs,  and  organisms. 

Morsus.  (Lat.Mordeo).    A  bite ;  grasp;  sting. 

Mortification.  Loss  of  vitality ;  death  of  a  part  of  an  animal  body  while 
the  rest  is  alive.  When  the  part  of  a  soft  tissue  mortified  is  recoverable  it 
is  called  gangrene;  if  totally  destroyed  or  dead  it  is  called  sphacelus.  Mor- 
tification of  bone  when  recoverable  is  called  caries;  when  totally  destroyed 
necrosis. 

Mortified.     Dead  organic  tissue. 

Mucosin.  A  viscid  thick  glutinous  constituent  of  mucus;  an  albuminoid 
composed  of  C.H.N.O.  and  S. 

Mucous  (Lat.  Mucosus).  Of  the  nature  of  mucus ;  relating  to  mucous  mem- 
brane. 

Mucus.     A  slimy  secretion  of  the  mucous  membrane. 

Muscular  fibre.  A  cylindrical  mass  covered  by  a  sheath  termed  sarcolemma, 
in  length  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  of  an  inch,  and  from  l-500th  to 
1 -250th  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Mutual.     Acting  harmoniously  together. 

Myosin.  The  contractile  substance  of  muscular  fibres  ;  an  albuminoid  com- 
posed of  C.H.N.O.  and  S. 

N 

N.     Symbol  for  nitrogen. 

Naptha.    A  light  colorless  volatile  inflammable  oil  distilled  from  petroleum. 

Necrosis.     Death  of  bone.     (See  mortification.) 

Nerve.     A  bundle  or  string  of  nerve-fibres. 

Nerve-fibre.  A  thin  thread  covered  externally  by  a  delicate  sheath,  under- 
neath having  a  medullary  (fatty,  oily)  layer,  and  in  the  middle  the  axis- 
cylinder.  Many  nerve-fibres  in  a  bundle  or  string  make  a  nerve. 

Nerve-fibrillae.  The  minutest  nerve-fibres  within  and  between  nervous 
centres.  Many  fibrillse  together  appear  like  marrow. 

Nervous.  Relating  to  the  nervous  system,  nervous  centres,  their  stimula- 
tion, action,  excitation,  and  disturbances. 

Nervous  centre.  In  the  nervous  system  every  collection  of  gray  matter  is 
termed  a  nervous  centre.  (See  Reflex,  and  Reflex-centre.) 

Nitrogen.  A  colorless,  tasteless,  inodorous  element;  incombustible  gas,  78 
parts  of  which,  with  22  parts  of  oxygen,  constitutes  atmospheric  air. 

Normal.     Regular  and  natural  action  or  structure.     (See  Abnormal.) 

Nucleolus  (pi.  Nucleoli).    The  small  nucleus  within  the  nucleus  of  a  cell. 

Nucleus  (pi.  Nuclei}.  A  central  differentiated  part  of  the  cell;  a  nut,  or  ker- 
nel within  a  nut. 

o 

O.    Symbol  for  oxygen. 

Organ.     A  part  of  an  organism. 

Organic.    Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  an  organism ;  matter  that  once  was 

a  part  of  or  belonged  to  an  organism.     All  animals  and  plants  are  organisms. 
Organic  chemistry.    The  chemistry  of  the  carbon  compounds.    As  many  of 

these  compounds  exist  already  formed  in  the  bodies  of  animals  and  plants, 

hence  the  name  of  organic  chemistry. 
Organic  life.  Life  of  animal  or  plant. 
Organic  matter.  Tint  what  is  or  was  a  material  part  of  an  organism. 


38  GLOSSARY. 

Organism.    A  combination  of  organs  of  an  animal  or  plant. 

Oscillation.    Vibration. 

Osseous.    Bony ;  relating  to  or  resembling  bone. 

Ossification.    Formation  of  bone. 

Oxidation.    Conversion  into  an  oxide,  as  of  metals  or  other  substances. 

Oxygen.  A  tasteless,  colorless  (element)  inodorous  gas,  22  parts  of  which, 
with  78  parts  of  nitrogen,  constitutes  atmospheric  air.  One  part  by  volume 
of  oxygen,  with  two  parts  of  hydrogen,  constitutes  water. 

Ozsena.    An  ulceration  in  the  nasal  cavities  with  fetid  discharge. 

P 

Pabulum.  Aliment ;  food.  The  term  pabulum  may  properly  be  limited  to 
the  food  of  cells,  i.  e.,  the  nutritious  substances  which  enter  the  organism 
and  become  gradually  more  and  more  changed,  and  which,  on  arriving  at 
the  cells,  is  converted  into  protoplasm. 

Pancreatin.    The  albuminoid  or  most  active  principle  of  pancreatic  juice. 

Pathogenytes.  Minute  vital  beings  present  in  organic  matter.  (See  Sehizo- 
mycetes. 

Pathology.    The  doctrine  of  disease,  its  nature,  and  results. 

Pepsin.    The  albuminoid  or  most  active  principle  of  gastric  juice. 

Pericardium.    A  double  membranous  sack  enclosing  the  heart. 

Periosteum.    Fibro-vascular  membrane  surrounding  or  lining  the  bones. 

Peripheral.    Pertaining  to  the  outer  surface. 

Pervade.    To  pass  or   pread  through  every  part. 

Phenomenon  (pi.  phenomena).  Any  action,  motion,  change,  or  occurrence 
of  any  kind ;  any  change  perceivable  by  the  senses  that  occurs  in  an  organ 
or  vital  function  ;  a  symptom. 

Phthisis.  Tuberculosis;  consumption;  any  pathological  process  causing 
continuous  change  and  destruction  of  the  lung  or  other  tissues. 

Phylloxera.  A  minute  plant-louse  which  is  very  destructive  to  grapevines. 
Some  attack  the  roots  and  some  the  leaves  and  suck  the  sap  of  the  plant, 
which  causes  swelling  of  the  root  and  leaves  and  death  of  the  plant. 

Physical.  Relating  to  the  physical  sciences  or  natural  philosophy;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  material  universe  and  its  phenomena. 

Physical  change.  A  change  not  altering  the  identity  of  the  molecule.  (See 
Chemical  change.) 

Physical  property.  Relates  to  or  belongs  to  a  thing  as  an  essential  ingredi- 
ent or  power. 

Physics.      Natural  philosophy ;  the  science  of  nature,  its  objects  and  laws. 

Physiological.     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  physiology. 

Physiology.  The  science  of  the  laws  of  life  and  functions  of  living  organ- 
isms. 

Plague.  The  black  death;  the  glandular  pestilence;  an  intensely  malig- 
nant disease,  attended  by  high  fever  and  burning  buboes  (glands)  or  car- 
buncles of  the  glands  of  the  groin  and  armpits  and  glands  of  other  parts  of 
of  the  body. 

Pleura.    The  closed  serous  sac  lining  the  internal  surface  of  the  thorax 
divided  by  a  septum  (the  mediastinum),  each  sac  surrounding  a  lung. 

Potential  energy.  Dormant  energy,  requiring  favorable  conditions  for  its 
manifestations;  accidental  energy.  (See  Kinetic  energy.) 

Principle.    The  chief  part ;  fundamental  substance. 


GLOSSARY.  39 

Pro  (prefix).    Before;  fore;  forward;  indicating  beforehand. 

Prognosis.  The  knowledge  beforehand  of  the  course  and  termination  of  a 
disease. 

Promulgate.  To  make  known  to  many ;  a  doctrine  made  known  of  general 
interest :  to  make  known  by  open  declaration. 

Propagate.    To  spread ;  to  multiply ;  to  perpetuate. 

Prophylactic.    To  prevent ;  preventive. 

Proteid.  Holding  the  first  place;  principal  acting  constituent  in  a  sub- 
stance. 

Protoplasm.    Cell  matter. 

Psychology  (a  branch  of  Metaphysics).  The  science  of  the  powers  and 
functions  of  the  human  soul ;  doctrine  of  the  human  soul  or  mind. 

Ptomaine.  The  principal  acting  substance  in  decayed  or  putrefied  animal 
or  vegetable  tissue  or  matter.  The  ptomaine  is  to  dead  tissue  or  matter 
what  the  albuminoid  (proteid)  is  to  the  living. 

Ptyalin.    The  principal  active  agent  in  saliva  (albuminoid). 

Puerperal.    Relating  to  childbirth  or  a  consequence  thereof. 

Pulmonary.     Relating  to  the  lungs. 

Pustule.  A  small  pimple  containing  pus ;  a  small  circumscribed  elevation 
of  the  cuticle  with  an  inflamed  base  containing  pus. 

Putrefaction.  Decomposed  or  decomposing  organic  matter ;  process  of  de- 
caying or  rotting. 

Pyaemia.    Fever  due  to  pus  absorbed  into  the  blood. 

Q 

Quasi.    As ;  having  the  resemblance  of  something ;  not  fully  genuine, 
duinia  or  quinine.    An  extracted  alkaloid  (compound  of  C.H.N.  and  0.) 
from  cinchona  bark. 

R 

Reason.  An  act  of  the  mind  by  which  is  determined  the  agreement  or  disa- 
greement, the  identity  or  diversity,  of  two  things,  by  comparing  them  with 
a  third.  (See  Intellect,  and  instinct,  and  Judgment.) 

Reflex.  Refers  to  the  action  of  an  organ  (muscle,  respiratory,  circulatory, 
or  secretory  organ)  receiving  its  primary  impression  from  stimulus  directly 
or  indirectly  through  impulses  from  another  organ. 

Reflex  centre.  Every  nervous  centre  is  a  reflex  centre.  (See  Nervous  cen- 
tre, and  Reflex,  and  Spasm.) 

Region  (Lat.  Regio).  (Physiologically.)  The  tract  or  place  neighboring  ;  in 
extent ;  in  area. 

Reminiscence.  Recollection  ;  remembering;  a  faculty  connected  only  with 
the  higher  faculties  of  man,  his  judgment  and  understanding ;  a  faculty  be- 
longing exclusively  to  man  because  it  is  purely  intellectual,  while  memory 
simple  is  common  to  all  animals. 

8 

S.    Symbol  for  sulphur. 

Sanguis  (L.).    Blood. 

Sanitary.    Relating  to  the  preservation  of  health,  especially  to  hygiene  and 

public  health. 
Saprophytes.    Minute  organisms  which  can  only  grow  in  dead  or  decaying 

matter ;  schizomycetes. 
Scabies.    The  Itch-disease. 


40  .  GLOSSARY. 

Schizomycetes.    This  term  includes  all  Bacteria,  Bacilli,  Microbes,  and 

allied  forms. 

Sch.izoph.yta.    This  term  includes  all  of  schizomycetes  and  Algae. 
Science.    A  systematic  species  of   knowledge  which  consists  of  rules  and 

order  so  as  to  arrive  at  truth. 
Sensation.    Vital  organic  representation. 
Sense.    The  capacity  or  power  of  the  animal  for  a  particular  species  of  what 

are  termed  sensations. 
Sense-organs.    The  special  portions   (organs)   of    the  organism    endowed 

with  the  simple  power  of  reacting  to  appropriate  stimuli  so  as  to  produce 

sensations. 

Sepsis.    Infection  of  putrefactive  poison. 

Septicaemia.    Disease  aggravated  by  absorption  of  pus  or  putrid  matter. 
Serous.    Pertaining  to  serum,  or  to  serous  membrane. 
Serum.    Watery  portion  of  animal  fluids. 
Shock.    A  violent  shake;  concussion.    Shock  may  affect  the  body  or  the 

mind,  or  both,  while  concussion  affects  only  the  body. 
Spasm.     Sudden,  irregular,  and  involuntary  contractions  of  muscles,  due  to 

reflex  action  of  the  spasm-centre  in  the  medulla  oblongata  above  the  ala 

cinerea,  or  from  reflex-centres  at  the  upper  part  of  the  spinal  cord.    (See 

Reflex,  and  Reflex-centre,  and  nervous-centre.) 
Specific.     Definite,  particular,  or  determinate. 
Sphacelus.    Gangrene  of  soft  tissue,  with  complete  death  of  the  part.    (See 

Mortification.) 

Spinous.    Relating  to  the  spine ;  having  the  shape  of  a  spine  or  thorn. 
Spirillum  (Lat.  Spira,pl.  Spirilla).    Spiral  form  cocci.     (See  Schizomycetes. ") 
Spirochasta.     A  genus  of  Spirobacteria  (schizomycetes),  with  spiral  flexible 

filaments  with  movements  apparently  rotary. 
Spiromonas.     (Same  as  Spirochxta.) 
Spontaneous.    Occurring  without  assistance  or  without  direct    apparent 

cause. 

Staphylo  (Gr.).     Bunch  of  grapes. 
Staphylococcus    (pi.    Staphylococci).     Micrococci    occurring    in   irregular 

masses  or  heaps. 

Staphylococcus  pyogenes  albus.     Microbes  of  white  color.  . 
Staphylococcus  pyogenes  citrius.     Microbes  of  yellow-  color. 
Sterilized.    Having  destroyed  all  life  of  germs  in  a  fluid,  substance,  or  mat- 
ter, either  by  heat,  cold,  or  chemical  action. 

Stimulus.    That  which  excites  or  arouses  energetic  action  in  an  organism. 
Strychnia  or  strychnine.     A  crystallizable,  odorless,  intensely  bitter  alka- 
loid (C.H.N.O.)  prepared  from  nux  vomica  or  ignatia. 
Subtile.    Penetrating;  attenuated;  ethereal;  refined;  piercing. 
Suppuration.     The  production  or  formation  of  pus. 
Symbol.    That  which  stands  for  a  thing. 
Synovial.    The  fluid  secreted  by  a  synovial  membrane. 

T 
Taurin.    A  colorless,  crystallizable  substance  in  bile,  united  with  cholalic 

acid. 
Taurocholin.    A  principal  essential  albuminoid  constituent  (C.H.N.O  and  S. 

compound)  of  bile. 


GLOSSARY. 


41 


Tenuity.    Thinness;  subtility. 

Tetanic  bacillus.    Bacilli  in  disease  of  Tetanus  found  by  Loeffler,  a  noted 

bacteriologist  in  Germany. 

Tetanic  spasms.    Rigidity  in  paroxysms  of  tonic  convulsions  of  the  mus- 
cles of  the  neck,  body,  and  limbs. 
Tetanus.    Spasms  with  rigidity  in  paroxysms  of  tonic  convulsions  of  the 

muscles  of  the  neck,  jaw,  spine,  body,  and  limbs.     (See  Lockjaw  and  Tris- 

mus.) 
Theory.    A  systematic  generalization  eminently  accounting' for  a  series  or 

group  of  phenomena;  speculation;  an  individual  view. 
Thrombus.    A  blood-clot  formed  during  life  in  a  vessel  or  tissue. 
Tint.     Slight  coloring,  yet  distinct  from  the  principal  or  original  color. 
Tissue.     One  of   the  elementary  fabrics  of   which  an  organ  is  composed ; 

formed  by  cells  and  their  products  arranged  in  a  definite  manner ;  texture 

of  parts,  particularly  of  aniriial  or  vegetable  matter. 
Toxaemia.     A  poisoned  condition  of  the  blood. 
Toxical.    Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of  poison ;  poisonous ;  a  toxic 

disease. 

Toxine.    The  active  principle  of  decomposed  poisonous  matter ;  a  ptomaine. 
Trauma.     A  wound. 

Traumatic.     Relating  to  a  wound  or  injury. 
Trichina  (pi.  Trichinse}.    A  minute,  small,  hair-like  worm. 
Trichina  spiralis.    The  trichina  found  in  muscles  of  animals,  especially  in 

swine. 
Trismus.     Lockjaw ;  tetanus  limited  to  the  neck  and  jaw  muscles.    (See 

Lockjaw,  and  Tetanus.) 
Trophic.     Relating  to  nutrition. 
Tubercle.     Small,  rounded  eminence. 

Tumor.    A  circumscribed  abnormal  new  formation  of  tissue. 
Tyrotoxicon.    Cheese  poison ;  a  ptomaine  of  cheese. 

u 

Ulcer.  A  solution  of  continuity  of  soft  parts,  with  loss  of  substance  and 
production  of  granulation-tissue  and  secretion  of  pus. 

Understand.  To  have  full  and  clear  knowledge  of;  the  intellectual  opera- 
tions of  forming  proper  ideas  of  simple  or  complex  things  that  are  brought 
to  our  mind.  (See  Comprehend.) 

Uraemia.  An  abnormal  condition  of  the  blood  due  to  the  presence  of  urea 
with  other  urinary  matter  that  ought  to  have  been  excreted  by  the  kidneys. 

U.  S.  P.    United  States  Phharmacopeeia. 

V 

Vascular.'    Pertaining  to  or  containing  vessels. 

Vein,  vena,  phlebs.    Vessels  conveying  blood  inward  toward  the  heart. 

Velocity.    Rate  of  motion. 

Venous.     Relating  to  veins. 

Vermicular.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  worm ;  resembling  a  worm  or  its  move- 
ment. 

Vermiform.    "Worm -like;  having  the  form  of  a  worm.     (See  Appendix.) 

Vermiform  appendix.  The  worm-like  projection  or  appendix  at  the  end  of 
the  ileo  caecal  valve  of  the  small  intestine.  (See  Appendicitis,  and  Ap- 
pendix.) 


42  GLOSSARY. 

Vesicle  (Lat.  Vesicula).    A  small  bladder,  generally  containing  fluid. 

Vibriones.     Wavy- rods  cocci ;  curved  and  spiral  thread  cocci. 

Vice  versa.    The  order  or  relation  of  things  being  reversed. 

Virus.  A  substance,  the  result  of  a  morbid  process,  capable  of  producing 
disease  when  inoculated ;  the  active  agent  in  the  production  of  any  infec- 
tious disease;  a  ptomaine;  a  poison. 

Vital.    Kelating  to  life. 

Vital  being.    Any  thing  that  contains  a  vital  principle  or  soul. 

Vital  energy.    The  power  residing  in  a  living  being. 

Vital  organism.    An  organism  that  contains  a  life  principle  or  soul. 

Vital  principle.     Soul. 

Volition.    The  act  of  willing  or  choosing. 

W 

"Woorara.    Curare;  a  very  destructive  poison  of    Guiana,  which  contains 

strychnia;  a  South  American  arrow  poison. 

X 

Xyloma.    Woody  tumor,  found  on  plants. 
Xylon.     Cotton. 
Xysis.    Scraping,  rasping. 

Y 

Yelk.    Yolk. 
Yellow  elastic  tissue.    Certain  connective  tissue  fibrillse,  in  thickness  up  to 

about  11  MMM,  anastomosing  with  each  other,  found  especially  in  the  inner 

coat  of  arteries  and  lining  of  air  passages. 
Yolk  (vitellus).    The  yellow  of  the  egg. 

Z 

Zyme.    Ferment. 

Zymogenic.     Producing  fermentation. 
Zymosis.    Fermentation. 


Human  Physiology 

Analysis  and  Digest 

for  the  use  of 

Medical  Students  and  Practitioners 

by 

Prof.  John  P.  Schmitz,  M.  D. 


Second  Edition 


in 


Twenty- Seven    Cnapters. 


Introduction:  Physiology  properly  defined ;  Organisms,  structure,  growth, 
functions;  Organs;  Anatomical  divisions  of  the  body;  Systems;  Appar- 
atus ;  Tissues ;  Anatomical  elements ;  Cells ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Nutrition.  Origin  of  nutritious  substances;  Proximate  principles;  Albu- 
minous (nitrogenous)  matters;  Starchy,  saccharine,  and  oleaginous  mat- 
ters ;  Inorganic  matters ;  Coloring  matters ;  Non-nitrogenous  matters ; 
Starch,  sugar  and  fats;  Inorganic  proximate  principles;  Water;  Lime 
phosphate,  and  carbonate ;  Magnesium  phosphate ;  Alkaline  salts ;  Sodium 
chloride;  Milk,  bread,  meat,  eggs;  Amyloid  compounds;  etc. 

CHAPTER  11. 

Active  Principles  in  Liquids  and  Solids.  Haemoglobin;  Melanin;  Billi- 
verdin;  Bilirubin;  Urochrom;  Chlorophill;  Urea;  Uric  acid  ;  Pepsin;  Case- 
in ;  Ptyalin;  Pancreatin;  Mucosin  ;  Myosin;  Collagen;  Chondrin;  Elasticin; 
Keratin;  etc. 

CHAPTER  III. 

Mucous  Membrane  and  Epithelium.  Mucous  membrane  and  its  impor- 
tance; Mucus;  Endotheliurn ;  Epithelium;  Epithelial  cells;  etc. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Digestion.  Digestive  organs;  Food;  Alimentary  canal;  Stomach ;  Chyme ; 
Chyle;  Gastric  juice;  Pepsin;  Peptones;  Indigestion;  Intestinal  digestion ; 
Intestinal  wall ;  Villi;  Glands  of  Brunner ;  Solitary  glands;  Peyer's  glands; 
Hunger  and  thirst ;  etc. 


44  HUMAN    PHYSIOLOGY. 

CHAPTER  V. 

Xiiver,  Bile,  and  Pancreatic  Juice.  Bile-secreting  apparatus;  Hepatic  ar- 
tery and  vein ;  bile  composition ;  Fatty  degeneration  of  the  liver ;  Liver 
sugar;  Sugar  of  the  blood;  Nerve-fibres  supplying  the  liver;  Lymphatics 
of  the  liver;  Pancreas;  Pancreatic  juice  and  its  composition;  Vessels  of 
the  Pancreas;  Nerves  of  the  Pancreas;  Spleen,  etc. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Secretion  and  Excretion.  Secretions  of  the  body  ;  The  four  forms  of  secre- 
tions ;  Secreting  cells ;  Secreting  follicles ;  Secreted  fluids;  Excretions ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The  Absorbent  System.  Lymphatic  system  ;  Chyle;  Thoracic  duct ;  Lymph; 
Lymph  glands;  Osmosis ;  Endosmosis  ;  Exosmosis  ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

The  Blood.  Red  blood-corpuscles ;  White  blood-corpuscles;  Blood-plasma; 
Blood-serum;  Blood  disease;  Blood-corpuscles — composition;  Coagulation 
of  blood;  Thrombus;  Blood-clots;  etc. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

The  Circulation.  Heart ;  Arteries ;  Capillaries ;  Veins ;  Bload-circulation  ; 
Heart  structure;  heart  action;  Cause  of  the  heart's  action;  Reflex  action 
for  the  heart ;  Syncope ;  Aorta ;  Arterial  walls ;  Arterial  pulsation ;  Pulse 
rate ;  Vein-valves ;  Cause  of  capillary  circulation ;  Capillary  peristalsis ; 
Capillary  action ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  X. 

Respiration.  Trachea ;  Lungs ;  Nerve-fibres  of  the  lungs ;  Phrenic  nerve  ; 
Respiratory  centre  or  vital  point ;  Lymphatics  of  the  lungs ;  blood  of  the 
lungs;  Pulmonary  artery;  Alveoli;  How  the  gases  in  the  lungs  are  ex- 
changed ;  Pulmonary  veins ;  Haemoglobin  ;  Hsematin  ;  Air  required  and  air 
changes ;  Secretion  and  excretion  of  carbonic  acid ;  Use  of  carbonic  acid ; 
Use  of  oxygen ;  Truth  of  external  organic  sensation ;  Respiratory  activity  ; 
Carbonic  acid  as  stimulus  ;  Physiological  process  of  lowering  temperature  ; 
Oxidation  a  misnomer ;  Production  of  carbonic  acid ;  Dyspnoea ;  Respira- 
tion of  the  newly  born ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XI. 

Temperature.  Heat  defined ;  Heat  produced  or  diminished ;  Temperature  of 
of  arterial  and  venous  blood  ;  Degrees  of  temperature ;  Thermometer ;  Tem- 
perature maintained ;  How  to  lower  temperature ;  Harmonious  action  of 
respiration  and  pulsation  ;  Danger  of  abnormally  high  or  low  temperature ; 
Effect  of  perspiration  on  temperature ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Nervous  System.  Cerebro-spinal  system ;  The  Brain ;  Brain  centres  ;  Brain 
composition  ;  Brain  ventricles  ;  Circle  of  Willis  ;  Function  of  Cerebral  con- 
volutions ;  Definitions  of  Memory,  Reason,  and  Judgment ;  Insanity  de- 
fined ;  Soul  Defined ;  Cerebrum  ;  Corpora  striata ;  Optic  thalami ;  Corpora 
quadrigemina ;  Pineal  gland ;  Crura  cerebri ;  Valve  of  Vieussens ;  Pons  Va- 
rolii;  Cerebellum;  etc. 


HUMAN    PHYSIOLOGY. 


45 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

Medulla  Oblongata.  Structure  of  the  medulla  oblongata;  Olivary  body; 
Fourth  ventricle  ;  Origin  of  nerve-fibres  in  the  medulla ;  Centres  in  the  me- 
dulla oblongata ;  Respiratory  centre ;  Circulatory  centre ;  Vaso-motor  cen- 
tres ;  Result  of  injury  to  the  medulla  oblongata ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

Nervous  Centres  and  Reflex  Actions.  Nervous  centre-cells;  Sensation 
centres  known  or  unknown  ;  Reflex  action  ;  Sensation  defined  ;  Property  de- 
fined ;  Irritability  defined  ;  Excitability  defined  ;  Co-ordination  ;  Sympathy ; 
Control  of  reflexes ;  Abdominal  reflex ;  Planter  reflex ;  Pupil  reflexes ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

Nerve-fibres  and  their  Terminals.  Size  of  nerve  fibres;  Medulated  and 
non-medulated  nerve-fibres  ;  Nerves ;  Neurilemma ;  Nerve-fibre  branches  ; 
Tactile  corpuscles ;  Pacinian  bodies ;  Terminal  bulbs ;  terminal  plates ; 
Distinction  between  irritability  of  nerves  and  muscular  fibres  ;  Sarcolemma ; 
Speed  of  impulses ;  Action  of  electricity ;  Action  of  Faradic  currents ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

The  Spinal  Column.  Power  or  strentgh  of  the  spinal  column ;  Spinal  cord ; 
Cells  of  the  spinal  cord ;  Spinal  nerves ;  Law  of  Waller ;  Functions  of  the 
spinal  cord ;  Centres  of  the  spinal  cord ;  Effect  of  injury  or  section  of  the 
cord;  Urinary  bladder;  Sphincter  muscles ;  Reflexes  of  the  spinal  cord ; 
Paraplegia;  Hemiplegia;  Action  of  strychnine  on  the  spinal  cord;  Tetanic 
spasms ;  Hydrophobia ;  Tetanus ;  Epilepsy ;  Hysteria ;  Meningitis ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

The  Sympathetic  System.  Ganglia ;  Nervous  plexuses  ;  Ganglia-plexuses ; 
Medulated  and  non-medulated  nerve-fibres;  Distribution  of  the  sympa- 
thetic nervous  system;  Gasserian  ganglion;  Otic  ganglion;  Ophthalmic 
ganglion;  Spheno-palatine,  Submaxillary  and  other  ganglia;  Deep  and  su- 
perficial cardiac  plexus;  Semilunar,  Renal,  Aortic,  Epigastric  (Solar), 
Spermatic,  Hypogastric,  and  about  fifty  other  nervous  plexuses ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

The  Senses.  Sense-organs;  Sensations;  Sight;  Hearing;  Smell;  Taste; 
Touch ;  Common  sense  ;  External  sensation  ;  Internal  sensation  ;  Vital  or- 
ganic representation  ;  The  soul  present  in  every  part  of  the  body ;  Exterior 
sensation  in  the  brain  denied;  Consciousness  defined;  Imagination  faculty; 
Estimative  faculty  ;  Sensitive  memory ;  Reminiscence ;  Three  distinct  ele- 
ments required  for  sensation ;  Modus  operand!  in  sensation;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

The  Cranial  Nerves.  Sensory,  motor,  and  mixed  nerves  ;  Olfactory  nerve  ; 
Olfactory  bulb ;  Optic  nerve;  Oculomotqrius  nerve;  Trochlearis  (Patheti- 
cus)  nerve;  Trigeminus  nerve;  Gasserian  ganglion;  Ophthalmic  nerve; 
Superior  and  inferior  maxillary  nerves ;  Abducens  nerve ;  Facial  nerve ; 
Auditory  nerve ;  Glosso-pharyngeal  nerve ;  Pneumogastric  nerve ;  Spinal 
accessory  nerve  ;  Hypoglossal  nerve  ;  etc. 


46  HUMAN    PHSIOLOGY. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

The  Eye  and  the  Sense  of  Sight.  Eyeball ;  Sclerotic  coat,  cornea,  andcho- 
roid  coat;  Hyaloid  membrane;  Vitreous  body  or  humor;  Aqueous  humor; 
Anterior  and  posterior  eye  chambers  ;  Ciliary  muscle ;  Ciliary  and  suspen- 
sory ligaments  ;  Canal  of  Petit ;  Pupil ;  Iris  ;  Pupil  contracting  and  dilating 
centres ;  Nerves  of  the  iris ;  crystaline  lens ;  Ciliary  processes ;  Retina, 
Rods,  and  Cones  ;  Optic  nerve;  Movements  of  the  eyeball;  Nerves  and  ar- 
teries of  the  eyeball ;  Eyelids ;  Lachrymal  and  Meibomian  glands;  Accom- 
modation of  the  eye  ;  Vision  far  and  near ;  Artificial  lenses  ;  Light,  sight, 
and  velocity  of  light ;  color-blindness  ;  Emmetropic ;  Hypermetropic ;  My- 
opic eye ;  Diplopia,  and  Presbyopia ;  Hemeralopia,  and  snow-blindness ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

The  Ear  and  the  Sense  of  Hearing.  External  ear ;  Membrana  tympani ; 
Middle  ear  (tympanum) ;  Malleus  and  Incus  bones ;  Stapes  ;  Muscles  of  the 
middle  ear;  Eustachian  tube ;  Internal  ear;  Vestibule,  Otoliths  and  Oto- 
conia ;  Semicircular  canals ;  Vertigo ;  Equilibrium  ;  Osseous  cochlea ;  Modi- 
olus  ;  Scala  vestibuli ;  Scala  tympani ;  Scalia  media  ;  Organ  of  Corti;  Mem- 
brana basilaris;  Sound;  Vibrations;  Wave-length;  Loudness  and  pitch  of 
:sound ;  Quality  of  sound;  Resonance;  Hearing ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

The  Voice  and  Speech.  Vocal  cords ;  Muscles  of  the  vocal  organs;  Vocali- 
zation ;  Vocal  resonance ;  Limits  of  the  human  voice ;  Limits  of  hearing 
musical  sounds;  Action  of  the  vocal  cords;  change  of  voice;  Articulation; 
Speech  defined ;  Speech  centre ;  Sensory  and  motor  aphasia ;  Ataxic  apha- 
sia; Stammering,  and  stuttering ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

The  Skin.  Epidermis  and  cuticle;  Color  of  different  human  skins;  Sec- 
tional view  of  the  skin ;  Dermis;  Papillae  of  the  skin  ;  Corium;  Muscular 
fibres  of  the  skin  ;  Arrectores  pilorum ;  tension  of  the  skin  ;  Subcutaneous 
tissue,  Sudoriparous  glands,  and  perspiration;  Sebaceous  glands;  Func- 
tions of  the  skin  ;  Appendages  of  the  skin ;  Hair;  Gray  hair;  Blood-vessels, 
nerves,  and  lymphatics  of  the  skin  ;  Haemorrhage  of  the  skin ;  Nails  ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

The  Kidneys.  Cortical  and  medullary  substance;  Renal  pyramids;  Glo- 
merules  ;  Malpiphian  bodies  ;  Composition  of  urine  ;  Urea  ;  Uric  acid ; 
Bladder;  Incontinence,  and  retention  of  urine;  Wolffian  bodies ;  Bright's 
disease;  Suprarenal  capsules;  Addison's  disease;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

Muscles  and  Muscular  Tissues-.  Striated  muscular  fibres ;  Perimysium 
externum  and  internum  ;  Muscular  fasciculi ;  Sarcolemma;  Tendons;  Un- 
striped  muscular  fibres  ;  Striped  muscular  fibres  ;  Irritability  of  muscular 
fibres  ;  Elasticity  and  tonicity  of  muscles  ;  Contractility  of  muscles  ;  Muscu- 
lar action ;  Metabolism  ;  Anabolism  and  Katabolism  ;  Involuntary  muscles, 


PREFACE   TO   SECOND    EDITION.  47 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

Reproduction.  Fission  ;  Gemmation,  Fecundation ;  Uterus ;  Fallopian  tubes ; 
Vagina;  Round  ligaments;  Broad  ligaments;  Uterine  arteries;  Uterine 
nerves  ;  Uterine  lymphatics  ;  Ovaries  ;  Ovulation  ;  Corpus  Luteum  ;  Testi- 
cles and  spermatozoa ;  Fecundation ;  Impregnation  ;  Ova ;  Germinal  mem- 
brane ;  Blastoderm;  Ectoderm,  Mesoderm,  and  Entoderm  ;  Decidua;  Cho- 
rion  ;  Placenta ;  Extra-uterine  pregnancy  ;  Graviditas  in  substantia  uteri ; 
Twin  pregnancies;  Mamma;  Nausea  and  vomiting  during  gregnancy; 
Moles  and  hydatids  ;  Foetal  circulation  ;  Menstruation  ;  Entozoa  and  Infu- 
soria ;  Life  functions  and  life's  termination ;  Plant  reproductions ;  etc. 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

Miscellaneous.  Connective  and  fibrous  tissues ;  Cartilage,  bone,  and  peri- 
osteum ;  Gangrene ;  New  formations ;  Cancer ;  Tumors ;  Fatty  degenera- 
tion ;  Dissolution  of  the  body  ;  Spontaneous  generation  ;  Ptomaines  ;  Infec- 
tious and  contagion;  Ether  defined  ;  Still-born;  Artificial  respiration ;  etc. 

Many  Physicians  and  Medical  Students  have  declared 
that  the  Author's  Physiology  is  one  of  the  Best  Books 
on  the  Laws  of  Life  in  the  English  Language. 

This  book  will  be  sent  to  any  address  Post-paid  free  for  $4.50. 
Address:  J.  P.  Schmitz,  M.  D., 

3321  Twenty-first  Street, 
,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


PREFACE 

TO   THE   SECOND   EDITION   OF   THE   FOREGOING   PHYSIOLOGY. 

N.  B. — A  careful  perusal  of  this  Preface  is  especially 
recommended  to  my  readers. 

The  demand  for  a  Second  Edition  of  this  text-dook  on  physiology 
within  such  a  short  time  surely  indicates  that  the  book  is  much  ap- 
preciated, especially  when  the  Second  Edition  requires  no  additions, 
alterations,  or  corrections  of  the  main  text  of  the  first  edition. 

It  is  gratifying  to  notice  that  the  time  for  the  study  of  medicine 
in  medical  colleges  has  been  extended  to  four  years,  which  is  surely 
not  too  long  for  one  who  wishes  to  acquire  something  above  medi- 
ocrity in  this  science.  In  one  respect,  however,  it  may  not  be  amiss 
to  allude  here  to  a  serious  defect  in  some  localities  in  not  requiring 
a  better  qualification  in  the  knowledge  of  the  Laws  of  Life. 

Students  intending  to  become  physicians  have  a  right  to  demand 
a,  most  thorough  teaching  of  the  laws  that  govern  the  human  body. 


48  FREFACE    TO   SECOND    EDITION. 

Deception  in  this  regard  is  bad;  and  when  diplomas  are  awarded  to 
those  who  have  not  a  thorough  knowledge  of  physiology,  it  endan- 
gers human  life  and  perpetuates  conditions  in  the  profession  that 
keep  up  the  danger.  It  is  the  duty  of  all  medical  examining  boards 
to  refuse  licenses  to  applicants  who  are  found  deficient  in  this  regard. 

This  work  carefully  distinguishes  physiology  from  histology. 
It  is  notorious  that  even  in  some  first-class  Colleges  these  two 
branches  are  not  unfrequently  confounded.  What  can  be  ex- 
expected  from  the  student  when  the  teacher  himself  does  not  know 
that  Physiology  is  the  science  of  the  Laws  of  life  and  Functions 
of  living  organisms;  Histology  the  science  of  minute  anatomy?  It 
is  on  account  of  confounding  these  matters  in  text-books  that  the 
mischief  is  worked.  The  student  gets  confused,  and  at  last  gets  to 
hate  and  shun  physiology,  managing  to  cram  a  few  dozen  answers 
to  questions  in  one  or  two  years  in  order  to  get  out  of  it.  The  fact 
is,  as  the  author  has  always  experienced,  that,  when  physiology  is 
truthfully  and  comprehensively  laid  before  students,  no  branch  of 
medical  knowledge  is  so  pleasing  and  fascinating.  The  student  soon 
gets  to  feel  internally  that  the  true  and  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
Laws  of  Life  is  the  very  Foundation  of  medical  competency, 
diagnosis,  and  safety  of  treatment. 

The  conscientious  student  will  ask  himself:  How  shall  I  be  able 
to  make  a  sure,  true  diagnosis?  How  shall  I  be  able  to  know  what 
remedy  to  administer?  How  shall  I  be  able  to  know  the  physiolog- 
ical actions  of  remedies?  The  books  on  Materia  Medica  and  Practice 
tell  me  that  the  action  is  such  and  such,  but  not  one  tells  me  how  the 
remedies  act.  How  shall  I  be  able  to  know  whether  what  I  observe 
in  a  patient  is  to  be  attributed  to  remedies  or  to  the  disease? 

A  common  sense  man  says,  give  me  a  lawyer  thoroughly  versed 
in  the  law  and  I  will  trust  my  case  to  him.  Can  a  lawyer  ignorant 
of  the  law  know  when  he  does  harm  to  his  case?  Certainly  not. 
It  is  exactly  the  same  with  the  physician.  The  practitioner,  ignor- 
ant of  the  laws  of  human  life,  may  be  not  inaptly  compared  to  a 
blind  bird:  It  May  find  the  grain  on  the  wayside,  but  the  chances 
are  against  it. 

The  greatest  responsibility  falls  on  the  medical  college  faculty  or 
officers,  who  supply  the  chair  of  physiology  with  simply  a  book- 
worm. In  fact,  it  seems  very  often  as  if  any  physician  is  thought 
competent  to  fill  that  chair  as  Professor,  provided  he  is  able  to  talk 
the  hour  away  two  or  three  times  a  week.  Such  a  Professor  cares 
little  whether  the  student  has  fully  understood  him  or  not,  or  in  fact 
whether  he  has  understood  him  at  all;  for,  if  he  did,  he  would  not 


PREFACE    TO   SECOND    EDITION.  49 

allow  students,  as  very  often  happens,  to  cram  a  few  dozen  questions 
and  answers  for  what  is  termed  "  Examination,"  and  then  dispense 
with  physiology  for  the  balance  of  the  college  course. 

It  has  often  been  publicly  remarked  that  no  two  physicians  agree 
in  regard  to  treatment.  Why  is  this?  Because  if  all  physicians 
were  thoroughly  educated  in  physiology  they  would  know  posi- 
tively what  is  required,  and  there  would  be  no  difference  of  opinion 
in  treatment.  Then  the  treatment  of  human  beings  would  be  truly 
scientific,  but  it  cannot  be  without  that  knowledge.  Physiology  is 
no  longer  guess  work;  it  is  as  positive  as  any  other  science,  and  the 
physician  who  does  not  know  the  laws  of  life  is  either  at  fault  him- 
self or  the  blame  falls  back  on  his  teacher.  It  is  not  due  to  the  science. 
Tha  author  for  years  has  maintained  that  the  time  required  for 
the  study  of  physiology  in  the  medical  colleges  is  too  short,  and 
he  has  kept  his  students  for  the  full  term  of  college  study  of  four 
years  on  physiology.  That  he  was  not  alone  in  this  idea  it  is  agree- 
able to  notice  that  the  College  Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, London,  have  by  resolution  extended  the  time  for  the 
study  of  physiology  of  three  years,  so  that  hereafter  students  are 
required  to  continue  this  subject  for  the  full  term  of  five  years. 

Anyone  who  maintains  that  medical  students  can  be  excused  from 
the  study  of  physiology  before  the  end  of  their  college  life,  knows 
but  little  about  it.  If  he  comprehended  them,  he  would  know  the 
importance  of  that  study. 

Does  the  Professor  on  physiology  ever  reflect  on  the  following  :— 
Am  I  fit  for  the  position?  Do  I  do  my  duty?  Am  I  not  neglectful? 
Do  I  see  that  every  student  under  my  care  fully  comprehends  the 
subject?  Will  I  not  be  partly  responsible  for  the  acts  of  a  physi- 
cian once  in  my  care  who  does  more  harm  than  good  to  patients,  or 
perhaps  shortens  their  lives  on  account  of  not  having  received  from 
me  thorough  teaching? 

On  no  other  chair  in  medical  colleges  does  the  responsibility  so 
forcibly  rest  as  on  the  chnir  of  physiology;  because  a  doctor  once 
out  of  college  can  easily  c  mtinue  the  study  of  other  branches  of 
medical  knowledge,  but  not  that  of  physiology.  This  latter  has  to 
be  acquired  in  the  college,  because  to  fully  comprehend  the  laws  of 
life  requires  a  thorough  and  practical  professor  to  teach,  to  read, 
to  explain,  to  illustrate  a  subject  sometimes  in  many  different  ways, 
before  every  student  fully  comprehends  it.  Besides,  the  explana- 
tions and  illustrations  have  to  branch  off  more  or  less  on  a  subject 
of  another  chair,  or  to  several  at  a  time,  so  as  to  make  the  point 

understood. 

4 


50  PREFACE   TO   SECOND    EDITION. 

It  may  not  be  too  much  to  assume  that  the  author  in  his  text- 
hook  on  "Human  Physiology,  Analysis  and  Digest,"  1894,  is  the 
first  who  ever  laid  down  in  a  medical  college  text-book  the  true  fact 
of  the  following  physiological  laws: 

First — That  the  Stimulus  for  respiration  and  circulation  are  the 
carbonic  acid  elements  of  the  venous  blood  to  the  heart  and  lungs- 

Second — That  the  Acid  for  the  gastric  juice  normally  originates 
in  the  lower  portion  of  the  oesophagus. 

Third — That  External  Sensation  lies  in  the  sense-organ. 

Fourth — That  the  living  body  comprehends  an  Immaterial 
Vital  Principle  or  Soul. 

Fifth — That  all  brain  and  spinal-cord  Nerve-Centre  Actions, 
voluntary  or  involuntary  on  external  organs,  are  due  to  Reflex 
Actions  only. 

Sixth— That  the  Cause  of  the  Capillary  Circulation  in  the 
animal  body  is  peristaltic. 

Seventh — That  the  defective  mucous  membrane  is  the  Primary 
Cause  of  Consumption. 

Eighth — That  the  physiological  action  of  remedies  will  become  an 
exact  science  as  soon  as  physiology  is  truly  comprehended,  and  not 
before. 

J.  P.  Schmitz,  M.  D. 
3321  Twenty-first  stre3f , 
San  Francisco, 
California. 


(See  page  47) 


Key 


to  all 


Physiological  Questions 

Three  Thousand  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-Five 
Questions  and  Answers  Complete 

for  the  use 

State  Medical  Examiners 

and 

Professors  in  Medical  Colleges 

by 

Prof.  J.  P.  Schmitz,  M.  D. 


This  book  is  not  intended  for  Medical  Students;  but  it  was  written 

for  the  uses  above  stated.     Students  will  gain  their  knowledge  with 

advantage  out  of  the  author's  "Human  Physiology;  Analysis 

and  Digest,' '  (see  page  43).    In  that  book  Students 

can   easily  learn  all   the   Laws   that 

govern  the  human  body. 


The  Key  of  all  Physiological  Questions  will  be  sent  to  members  of  the 

Board  of  State  Medical  Examiners  and  Professors  of 

Colleges,  free  Post-paid  for  12.50. 

Address:   J.  P.  Schmitz,  M.  D.,  3321  Twenty-first  St. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Over 


3000  Questions 


on 


Laws  of  the  Human  Body 


or 


Physiology 

by 

Prof.  J.   P.  Schmitz,   M.  D 


This  book  will  be  found  of  great  assistance  to  the  Medical  Student.    It  contains 

the  Questions  and  gives  the  number  of  the  pages  for  answers  in 

the  author's  "Text-book  on    Human   Physiology; 

Analysis  and  Digest."     (See  Page  43.) 


This  book,  with  over  3000  Questions,  will  be  mailed 
to  any  address,  free  Post-paid  for  $1.00. 

Address:    J.  P.  Schmitz,  M.  D.,  3321  Twenty-first  St. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 


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